Cristian Sandoval

Histopathological analysis of unilateral condylar hyperplasia: difficulties in diagnosis and characterization of the disease

The aim of this study was to perform a histological analysis of the conditions in patients undergoing surgery for unilateral condylar hyperplasia (UCH) using different histopathological analytical techniques and to describe the complications and existing controversy in order to better define the disease. A partial condylectomy was performed in five patients who had been diagnosed with UCH using clinical and imaging methods. The samples obtained were analyzed using routine histological techniques including haematoxylin-eosin, Van Gieson, picrosirius, alcian blue/haematoxylin-eosin, and AgNOR staining. The analyses were performed by an observer who was blinded to the clinical parameters of the disease. The cellularity, tissue layers, size of the anatomical structures, and the relationships between them were assessed. The analysis of these patients was complemented by a review of the scientific literature. Variability was observed in the analysis of the cases. The presence of connective tissue was detected at the bone level, with cartilage formation at different levels. Each island presented levels of involvement that could indicate various degrees of aggressiveness. Type I collagen was observed in most cases, although type III was also identified. The development of histological diagnostic methods to determine the aggressiveness or level of involvement in UCH is not currently possible. Further studies are needed to establish new histological classifications.

Ingesta de Etanol y Toxicidad: En Búsqueda de Nuevos Tratamientos

Prolonged alcohol consumption has consequences on the liver, producing necrotic precipitates and fibrosis, on the pancreas, causing the pancreatic acini to atrophy and destroying insulin-producing cells, and on the central nervous system (CN S), causing the gray and white matter in the frontal lobes of the brain and cerebellum to atrophy. Generally, alcohol is metabolized via oxidat ive pathways, where the enzymes alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase participate during its metabolization in the liver and CNS, or via nonoxidative pathways during its metabolization in the pancreas. Ethanol metabolism can produce oxidative stress and tissue damage mediated by free radicals, causing morphological and functional alterations in the liver. In the pancreas, it can cause progressive and irr eversible damage affecting the endocrine and exocrine functions, a result of the activation of the stellate cells, which are activated directly by alcohol, causing pancreatic fibrosis. In the CNS ethanol can bind directly to proteins, nucleic acids and phospholipids to develop its pathogene sis. The effects produced by alcohol can be counteracted by supplementation with antioxidants, which reduce the inflammation and areas of focal necr sis in the liver, inhibit the activation of pancreatic stellate cells, and reduce oxidative stress in the CNS. Additionally, in order to reduce the negative effects associated with alcohol consumption, recent studies have suggested the administration of antioxidants as a treatment st rat gy.

Efectos de las Experiencias Adversas Temprana y Tardía en las Características Morfométricas y Estereológicas de la Glándula Suprarrenal de Ratas Sprague Dawley Sometidas a Estrés Durante su Vida Adulta

La ruptura temprana del vinculo materno y el aislamiento social son variables que estan involucradas con los comportamientos social y emocional y tambien con el aumento de la ansiedad, especialmente en situaciones estresantes. Sin embargo, no se dispone de investigaciones que expliquen los cambios morfologicos de la glandula suprarrenal (GSR). Por lo anterior, el objetivo de este trabajo fue conocer experimentalmente, a traves del modelo de alteracion del vinculo social temprano madre-cria y alteracion del vinculo social tardio por aislamiento, el efecto sobre las caracteristicas morfometricas y estereologicas de la GSR, en ratas de la cepa Sprague Dawley sometidas a estres cronico intermitente en la vida adulta. Utilizamos 35 ratas hembras recien nacidas, distribuidas en grupos de 7, en condiciones de lactancia y alimentacion estandarizadas. Los grupos experimentales fueron expuestos a experiencias adversas temprana (E1), tardia (E2), temprana-tardia (E3) y posteriormente, sometidas a estres cronico intermitente en la adultez. Se aislo la GSR izquierda de cada animal determinando caracteristicas morfometricas y parametros estereologicos. El peso absoluto fue mayor en los grupos control C2 y grupo experimental (E1). El numero de celulas por mm3, el porcentaje de tejido glandular y la densidad de superficie en la zona fascicular de la GSR fue menor en el grupo E3. Las caracteristicas estereologicas de la GRS en ratas, no solo pueden ser afectadas por la exposicion al estres en la adultez, sino que tambien las experiencias adversas temprana y/o tardia juegan un rol importante en los cambios de los parametros morfologicos cuantitativos observados en esta glandula.

Effects of High-fat Diets on Biochemical Profiles and Morpho- Quantitative Characteristics of C57BL/6 Mice Adrenal Glands

According to the information provided by the World Health Organization (WHO), overweight and obesity are the fifth leading causes of death in the world. Due to the alarming increase of this disorder in recent years, studies have been ca rri d out to evidence harmful effects on human or animal tissues. Our objective was to evaluate the morphological and physiological changes of C57BL/6 mice adrenal glands (AGs), associated with high fat diets (HFDs), we used 14 male mice, 5 months old, fed for 14 weeks according to two diets. The standard chow group (SC) was fed AIN-93M and the high fat group (HF) was fed AIN-93M-HF. At the end of the experiment, biometric analysis was performed and euthanasia was performed. Blood was then extracted for biochemical anal ysis and AGs were processed for mesoscopic, histological, morphometric and stereological studies. We used Student’s t-test (p<0.05) for statistical analysis. SC group showed a lower weight (29.67 ±1 28 g) with respect to the HF group (38.46 ± .68 g, p=0.002). COL-T, HDL-C, TG and CORT analysis revealed differences between SC group and HF (p ≤0.001). Focally, in the fasciculate area, there was an increase in the core-cytoplasm ratio and a greater lipid vacuole presence and size. There was a significant reduction (p=0.001) in V vfas =7.365±3.326 % of the HF group fasciculate area compared to SC group (V vfas =9.619±4.548 %). Obesity induced by HF diets affects adrenal gland physiology and morphology of mice. Our results suggest that both the percentage of fat as well as the time of adm inistration of the diet, produce a diurnal reduction of corticosterone, which could be due to an increase in the metabolic clearance of thi s hormone and not to the inhibition of the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis.

Histomorphometric analysis of unilateral condylar hyperplasia in the temporomandibular joint: the value of the condylar layer and cartilage island

This study aimed to describe the condylar layer and cartilage island in subjects with unilateral condylar hyperplasia (UCH). Five individuals (15-18 years old) with a diagnosis of UCH, treated in a university hospital in Temuco, Chile, were included. The analysis examined the presence, extension, and thickness of the layers on the condylar surface, the number, depth, and area of the cartilage islands, and the argyrophilic proteins of the nucleolar organizer region (AgNOR) score. Statistical significance was set at P<0.05. The fibrocartilaginous layer was thickest (0.13±0.05mm) and the joint layer was thinnest (0.07±0.01mm) (P<0.05). With respect to the number, depth, and area of the islands, case 1 presented the highest values, followed by case 2; the cartilage island was related to the fibrocartilaginous layer (P<0.05). All cases had AgNOR proteins in the proliferative and fibrocartilaginous layers, as well as the islands with the greatest presence of chondrocytes (P=0.245). A relationship was observed between the histopathological alterations in the different layers on the condylar surface and the thickness of the fibrocartilaginous layer, as well as the thickness of the latter and the number, depth, and area of the cartilage islands in the trabecular bone.