D. Bagliani

SAGACE : The spectroscopic active galaxies and clusters explorer

The SAGACE experiment consists of a mm/sub-mm telescope with a 3-m diameter primary mirror, coupled to a cryogenic multi-beam differential spectrometer. SAGACE explores the sky in the 100-760 GHz frequency range, using four diffraction-limited bolometer arrays. The instrument is designed to perform spectroscopic surveys of the Sunyaev- Zeldovich effects of thousands of galaxy clusters, of the spectral energy distribution of active galactic nuclei, and of the [CII] line of a thousand galaxies in the redshift desert. In 2008 a full phase-A study for a national small mission was completed and delivered to the Italian Space Agency (ASI). We have shown that taking advantage of the differential operation of the Fourier Transform Spectrometer, this ambitious instrument can operate from a Molniya orbit, and can be built and operated within the tight budget of a small mission. Copyright

Thermal properties of holmium-implanted gold films for a neutrino mass experiment with cryogenic microcalorimeters

In a microcalorimetric neutrino mass experiment using the radioactive decay of (163)Ho, the radioactive material must be fully embedded in the microcalorimeter absorber. One option that is being investigated is to implant the radioactive isotope into a gold absorber, as gold is successfully used in other applications. However, knowing the thermal properties at the working temperature of microcalorimeters is critical for choosing the absorber material and for optimizing the detector performance. In particular, it is paramount to understand if implanting the radioactive material in gold changes its heat capacity. We used a bolometric technique to measure the heat capacity of gold films, implanted with various concentrations of holmium and erbium (a byproduct of the (163)Ho fabrication), in the temperature range 70 mK-300 mK. Our results show that the specific heat capacity of the gold films is not affected by the implant, making this a viable option for a future microcalorimeter holmium experiment.

The cryogenic anticoincidence detector for ATHENA-XMS: preliminary results from the new prototype

ATHENA has been the re-scoped IXO mission, and one of the foreseen focal plane instrument was the X-ray Microcalorimeter Spectrometer (XMS) working in the energy range 0.3-10 keV, which was a kilo-pixel array based on TES (Transition Edge Sensor) detectors. The need of an anticoincidence (AC) detector is legitimated by the results performed with GEANT4 simulations about the impact of the non x-ray background onto XMS at L2 orbit (REQ. < 0.02 cts/cm2/s/keV). Our consortium has both developed and tested seveal samples, with increasing area, in order to match the large area of the XMS (64 mm2). Here we show the preliminary results from the last prototype. The results achieved in this work offer a solution to reduce the particle background not only for the presently study mission, but also for any satellite/balloon borne instrument that foresees a TES-based microcalorimeters/bolometers focal plane (from millimeter to x-ray domain).

Correlated avalanches in Transition Edge Sensor noise power spectra

The peaked structures of the excess noise observed in many superconducting transition edge sensors are analyzed in both the normalized resistance and the frequency domains. In the framework of our dynamical percolation model we find high amplitude noise peaks in the low normalized resistance range (0.2 approximately) and of much lower amplitude in the high normalized resistance range (0.8), but no peaks are obtained in the power noise spectra in the very wide frequency range explored. The excess noise peaks experimentally explored are accounted for quantitatively by our statistical model of correlated avalanches. Our preliminary experimental noise results on a Ir thin film sensor are compared with literature results.

The Cryogenic AntiCoincidence detector for ATHENA: the progress towards the final pixel design

“The Hot and Energetic Universe” is the scientific theme approved by the ESA SPC for a Large mission to be flown in the next ESA slot (2028th) timeframe. ATHENA is a space mission proposal tailored on this scientific theme. It will be the first X-ray mission able to perform the so-called “Integral field spectroscopy”, by coupling a high-resolution spectrometer, the X-ray Integral Field Unit (X-IFU), to a high performance optics so providing detailed images of its field of view (5’ in diameter) with an angular resolution of 5” and fine energy-spectra (2.5eV@E<7keV). The X-IFU is a kilo-pixel array based on TES (Transition Edge Sensor) microcalorimeters providing high resolution spectroscopy in the 0.2-12 keV range. Some goals is the detection of faint and diffuse sources as Warm Hot Intergalactic Medium (WHIM) or galaxies outskirts. To reach its challenging scientific aims, it is necessary to shield efficiently the X-IFU instrument against background induced by external particles: the goal is 0.005 cts/cm^2/s/keV. This scientific requirement can be met by using an active Cryogenic AntiCoincidence (CryoAC) detector placed very close to X-IFU (~ 1 mm below). This is shown by our GEANT4 simulation of the expected background at L2 orbit. The CryoAC is a TES based detector as the X-IFU sharing with it thermal and mechanical interfaces, so increasing the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) of the payload. It is a 2x2 array of microcalorimeter detectors made by Silicon absorber (each of about 80 mm^2 and 300 μm thick) and sensed by an Ir TES. This choice shows that it is possible to operate such a detector in the so-called athermal regime which gives a response faster than the X-IFU (< 30 μs), and low energy threshold (above few keV). Our consortium has developed and tested several samples, some of these also featured by the presence of Al-fins to efficiently collect the athermal phonons, and increased x-ray absorber area (up to 1 cm^2). Here the results of deep test related to one of the last sample produced (namely AC-S5), and steps to reach the final detector design will be discussed.

Large area TES spiderweb bolometer for multi-mode cavity microwave detect

Large area spiderweb bolometers of 8 mm diameter and a mesh size of 250 μm are fabricated in order to couple with approximately the first 20 modes of a multimode EM cavity at about 140 GHz. The sensor is a Ti/Au/Ti 3 layer TES with Tc tuned in the 330-380 mK and 2 mK transition width. We describe the detector design and the fabrication process, early TES electro-thermal measurements. We also report optical coupling measurement and show the multimode coupling.

Multi-mode coupled focal planes for high precision measurements of large scale CMB polarization

We describe the design and properties of a multi-mode detector system for photon detection at mm wavelengths. We modeled its basic elements (absorber, integrating cavity, waveguide and horn antenna) through numerical simulations, and built a prototype single-pixel system for performance validation. Following a successful verification of the modeling approach, we plan to optimize the system performance in view of applications to CMB polarization measurements with large throughput focal planes.

Status of the MARE Experiment

The neutrino mass experiment MARE is presently focusing on the feasibility study of electron capture decaying isotope 163Ho, as an alternative approach to the well investigated 187Re beta decaying isotope. 163Ho, which undergoes a very low Q value decay with about 4500 years half life, gives the advantages of using very low mass metallic absorber transition edge sensor microcalorimeters and self energy calibrating spectral measurements. These features match very well with the basic technique of transition edge sensor microcalorimeter arrays that have in fact reached a maturity that allows envisaging a full-scale experiment. The preliminary results of radioactive 163Ho doped absorbers are presented and discussed in the framework of the MARE goal of achieving a sensitivity of 0.1-0.2 eV/c2 for the neutrino Mass.

The TES-based cryogenic anticoincidence detector for IXO: first results from large area prototypes

The technique which combines high resolution spectroscopy with imaging capability is a powerful tool to extract fundamental information in X-ray Astrophysics and Cosmology. TES (Transition Edge Sensors)-based microcalorimeters match at best the requirements for doing fine spectroscopy and imaging of both bright (high count rate) and faint (poor signal-to-noise ratio) sources. For this reason they are considered among the most promising detectors for the next high energy space missions and are being developed for use on the focal plane of the IXO (International X-ray Observatory) mission. In order to achieve the required signal-to-noise ratio for faint or diffuse sources it is necessary to reduce the particle-induced background by almost two orders of magnitude. This reduction can only be achieved by adopting an active anticoincidence technique. In this paper, we will present a novel anticoincidence detector based on a TES sensor developed for the IXO mission. The pulse duration and the large area of the IXO TESarray (XMS X-ray Microcalorimeter Spectrometer) require a proper design of the anticoincidence detector. It has to cover the full XMS area, yet delivering a fast response. We have therefore chosen to develop it in a four-pixel design. Experimental results from the large-area pixel prototypes will be discussed, also including design considerations.

A Study of the Excess Noise of Ir Transition Edge Sensors in the Frame of Statistical Models

Experiments on superconducting transition properties and power noise density experiments are performed in Ir-based transition edge sensors samples prepared by magnetron sputtering and by laser ablation techniques. The experimental temperature dependence of the resistive-superconducting transitions are compared and analyzed in terms of percolating models. Broad excess noise peak of low amplitude is detected close to the superconductive state and explained by the correlated avalanche theory.