Dalton de Oliveira Fontes

Efeito da ractopamina e de métodos de formulação de dietas sobre o desempenho e as características de carcaça de suínos machos castrados em terminação

An experiment was conduced with the objective of evaluating the effects of diet formulation methods and supplementation of ractopamine (RAC) on the performance and carcass characteristics of finishing barrows. Sixty commercial hybrid swines were used, distributed in a randomized experimental block design, in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangment, with two levels of RAC and three methods of diet formulation. Supplementation with RAC improved the final weight, daily weight gain (DWG) and feed conversion (FC) of the finishing barrows. Addition of RAC improved also the carcass characteristics by reducing the backfat thickness in point P1 and increase daily lean meat deposition rate. Diets formulated based in the concept of ideal protein or by the increase of soybean meal provided better results on FC, but did not influence significantly daily feed intake, DWG and carcass characteristics. Finishing barrows supplemented with RAC during 21 or 28 days showed better performance and carcass quality. Diets formulated to attend the levels of digestible lysine by the inclusion of L-lysine HCL with the adjustment of other amino acids for ideal protein relation (ideal protein) or by the greater inclusion of soybean meal (increase of CP) provided better results of feed conversion in finishing borrows supplemented with RAC during 28 days.

Efeito dos níveis de lisina digestível e da ractopamina sobre o desempenho e as características de carcaça de suínos machos castrados em terminação

Foi conduzido um experimento com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de diferentes niveis de lisina digestivel em racoes suplementadas ou nao com ractopamina (RAC) sobre o desempenho e as caracteristicas de carcaca de suinos machos castrados em terminacao. Quarenta suinos, hibridos comerciais, foram distribuidos em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, em arranjo fatorial 2 x 2 - dois niveis de lisina digestivel (0,67 e 0,87%), com ajuste para os demais aminoacidos para a relacao de proteina ideal, e dois niveis de RAC (0 e 5,0 ppm) - em um periodo de 28 dias. A suplementacao com RAC resultou em maiores ganho de peso diario e taxa de deposicao de carne magra diaria e melhor conversao alimentar. Os niveis de lisina nao influiram no desempenho dos animais, porem reduziram a espessura de toucinho nos pontos P1 e P2 e aumentaram a taxa de deposicao de carne magra diaria na carcaca de suinos alimentados com dietas contendo 0,87% de lisina digestivel quando avaliadas in vivo. Concluiu-se que as caracteristicas de desempenho e de carcaca dos suinos alimentados com racao suplementada com RAC na fase de terminacao melhoraram, porem, o efeito da RAC sobre a profundidade de lombo foi maior no nivel de 0,87% de lisina digestivel.

Exigência de proteína bruta e energia metabolizável para codornas de corte EV1

The crude protein and metabolizable energy requirement for weight gain, body weight, feed consumption, and feed consumption : weight gain ratio during three periods (7- 21; 21-42 and 7-42days of age) of the growing phase of meat type quail (EV1) were estimated in a completely randomized design, with eight treatments and six replicates of 12 quails per experimental unit. The treatments consisted in a factorial combination 4 x 2 (22, 24, 26 e 28% PB x 2900 e 3100kcal de EM/kg). Body weight and weight gain from 7 to 21 days of age were quadratic affected by protein level of diets. Feed consumption linearly decreased with the increasing of diet energetic level. Feed: weight gain ratio increased linearly with crude protein level and decreased with metabolizable energy level of diets. Body weight at 42 days of age was not affected by metabolizable energy and crude protein levels of the diets. From 7 to 42 days of age the protein and metabolizable energy of diets did not affect quail body weight and feed: weight gain ratio. Quails fed on 2900kcal of EM/kg of diet showed higher feed consumption in comparison to quails fed on 3100kcal of EM/kg diets. Maximum performance of EV1 quails are reached in diets with 27% of crude protein (CP) and 2900kcal of ME/kg of diet in the initial period (7-21 days of age) and 22% of CP and 2900kcal of ME/kg of diet in the whole period (7-42 days of age).

Exigência de metionina + cistina total para codornas de corte em crescimento

Total methyonine + cystine requirements during the initial (7-21 days of age) and final period ( 22-42 days of age) of the growing phase were estimated for meat type quails in a completely randomized experimental design with six treatments, five replicates and 13 quails per experimental unit. Weight gain (g), body weight (g), feed consumption (g) and feed : weight gain ratio (g/g) were evaluated for quails fed on .73, .79, .85, .91, .97 and 1.03% methyonine + cystine diets. Meat type quails fed .95% and .73% methyonine + cystine diets during the initial (7-21days of age) and final period (22-42 days of age) of the growing phase show maximum weight gain.

Efeito de diferentes níveis de proteína e energia sobre o rendimento de carcaça de codornas européias

The effect of protein and energy levels on 42nd day carcass yield of European quails (Coturnix coturnix coturnix) was evaluated. A completely randomized design with five replicates and eight quails per experimental unit was used. The treatment consist on diets with two energy metabolic levels (2900 and 3100kcal EM/kg) and four protein levels (22, 24, 26 and 28% of crude protein). The traits analyzed were body weight and weight and yield of carcass, tight, breast, fat and edible viscera. No significant effects of crude protein and metabolic energy levels on carcass traits were found.

Composição química e valor nutritivo da soja crua e submetida a diferentes processamentos térmicos para suínos em crescimento

A metabolism trial was conducted to evaluate the digestibility rate and energy values of thermal processed soybean for growing pigs. Twenty barrows with an initial average weight of 37.67± 3.33kg were used in a completely randomized design with five treatments and four replicates. The treatments consisted in a reference diet and four experimental diets. The feedstuffs evaluated were soybean meal, extruded semi-integral soybean, expanded integral soybean and micronized integral soybean. These ingredients replaced 25% of the reference diet. The values of digestibility energy and apparent digestibility rates of crude energy, crude protein, dry matter and ether extract of the feeds were: 3583kcal/kg, 85.2%, 90.8%, 85.7% and 69.3% for soybean meal; 4065kcal/kg, 83.6%, 86.1%, 81.9% and 81.5% for extruded semi-integral soybean; 3803kcal/kg, 75.2%, 73.9%, 74.4% and 80.4% for expanded integral soybean; 5272kcal/kg, 95.3%, 95.2%, 93.2% and 94.3% for micronized integral soybean. The expansion process was not adequate for integral soybean, which showed the worst digestibility rate. The extrusion and the micronization processes of semi-integral and integral soybean respectively, were efficient to inactivate the antinutritional factors and to improve the digestibility. The results obtained with the micronization process were better than those of the others thermal processes.

Exigências em proteína bruta para codornas de corte EV1 em crescimento

Crude protein requirements for EV1 meat type quails were estimated using 288 quails of both sexes in a completely randomized experimental design with six crude protein levels (23, 25, 27, 29, 31 and 32%) and four replicates of 12 quails per experimental unit. The following traits were recorded in each experimental period (from hatch to 21 days and from hatch to 42 days of age): body weight (g), weight gain (g), feed intake (g), and feed:weight gain ratio. From hatch to 21 days of age quadratic effects of crude protein levels on live body weight, weight gain and feed intake were observed and maximum performances were estimated for quails fed 30.2; 30.1; and 30.8% crude protein diets, respectively. Quadratic effect of protein level on body weight at 42 days of age was significant and quails fed 30.2% crude protein diets showed maximum performance. Quails fed 29.5 and 32.6% crude protein diets from hatch to 42 days showed maximum weight gain and feed intake while feed:weight gain ratio was negative and linearly related to crude protein level of diet. Crude protein requirement for weight gain (male and female), from hatch to 21 days of age is estimated in 30.1% and from hatch to 42 days of age in 29.5%.

Nível de proteína bruta para codornas de corte durante o período de crescimento

The crude protein requirements for EV2 quail meat type genetic group during the growing period were estimated in a completely randomized experimental design, using 288 quails of both sex, six levels of crude protein (23, 25, 27, 29, 31 and 33%) and four replicates of 12 quails per experimental unit. Body weight (g), weight gain (g), feed intake (g) and feed:weight gain ratio (g/g) were recorded in each period (from hatch to 21 days and from hatch to 42 days of age). At 42 days of age, four quails were randomly sampled from each experimental unit (two males and two females) and slaughtered to record weights and yields of carcass, main cuts (thigh and breast) edible giblets (liver, gizzard and heart) and abdominal fat. Quadratic effects of crude protein level on body weight, weight gain and feed intake from hatch to 21 days of age, with maximum performances estimated for quails fed 30.64; 30.65 and 29.02% crude protein diets, respectively. Feed:weight gain ratio during this period showed a linear response in function of protein level of diet. Quadratic effect of protein level on body weight at 42 days of age was observed, with maximum performances estimated for quails fed 29.93 crude protein diets, while weight gain showed a linear response. Quadratic effects of crude protein level on weight gain and feed intake were also observed, with estimated maximum for quails fed 29.81 and 29.11% crude protein diets, respectively while body weight and carcass and breast weights were linearly affected. Higher performance were observed for quails fed diets with the highest protein level. A significant crude protein level x sex interaction was observed for breast yield, females showing linear response in function of crude protein level, while no effect on male breast yield was observed. Female body weight and breast and liver yields were higher for males crude protein. Crude protein requirements for maximum female and male weight gains are estimated in 30.65% from hatch to 21 days and 29.81% from hatch to 42 days of age while crude protein requirement for carcass and breast weights is estimated in 33%.

Exigências de proteína bruta e energia metabolizável em codornas de corte durante a fase de crescimento

Crude protein (CP) and metabolizable energy (ME) levels during five experimental periods of seven days each of the growing phase for European quail were determined. A total of 384 quails of both sexes were used in a completely randomized design in a 2×4 (energy and crude protein) factorial treatment with six replications of eight quails each. The metabolizable energy levels were 2900 and 3000kcal of ME/kg of diet and the crude protein levels were 22, 24, 26 and 28%. The analyzed variables were weight gain (g), accumulated weight (g), feed consumption (g), feed:gain ratio (g/g). Performance responses were evaluated by linear and quadratic regression of the traits on crude protein levels. Higher weight gains from the following protein and metabolizable energy levels combinations: 28.0% PB and 2900 kcal EM/kg (first period); 25.7% CP and 3100kcal ME/kg (second period); 27.9% and 2900kcal ME/kg (third period); 24.8% PB and 3100kcal/kg (fourth period) and 23.1% CP and 2900kcal/kg (fifth period).

Níveis de lisina para leitoas selecionadas geneticamente para deposição de carne magra na carcaça, dos 15 aos 30 kg

Foram utilizadas 50 leitoas hibridas, com alto potencial genetico para deposicao de carne magra na carcaca e peso inicial e final de 15,39 ± 0,59 e 30,93 ± 1,72 kg, respectivamente, para avaliar diferentes niveis de lisina. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos, cinco repeticoes e dois animais por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos corresponderam a uma racao basal com 19% de proteina bruta, suplementada com cinco niveis de L-lisina HCl, resultando em racoes com 0,95; 1,05; 1,15; 1,25; e 1,35% de lisina total. Observou-se que o ganho de peso e o consumo de lisina diario elevaram-se de forma linear com o aumento do nivel de lisina da racao. Houve efeito quadratico dos niveis de lisina sobre o consumo de racao diario e a conversao alimentar, que melhorou ate o nivel de 1,26% de lisina total (0,365%/Mcal de ED) ou 1,13% (0,328%/Mcal de ED) de lisina digestivel, correspondendo a um consumo estimado de lisina total e digestivel de 14,62 g/dia e 13,12 g/dia, respectivamente. Nao se observou efeito dos tratamentos sobre a porcentagem de proteina e de agua na carcaca e os niveis de ureia no soro sanguineo, entretanto, houve efeito quadratico sobre a porcentagem de gordura e a taxa de deposicao de gordura na carcaca, que diminuiram ate o nivel de 1,25 e 1,18% de lisina, respectivamente. Observou-se que a taxa de deposicao de proteina elevou de forma linear com o aumento do nivel de lisina na racao. Os niveis de lisina total que proporcionaram os melhores resultados de desempenho e qualidade de carcaca situaram-se entre 1,18 e 1,35%. Portanto, concluiu-se que a exigencia de lisina total de leitoas dos 15 aos 30 kg e de 1,26% ou de 1,13% de lisina digestivel, correspondendo a consumo estimado de lisina total e digestivel de 14,6 e 13,1 g/dia, respectivamente.