Walter Motta Ferreira

Efeitos da ractopamina e de dois níveis de lisina digestível na dieta sobre o desempenho e características de carcaça de leitoas em terminação

The effects of ractopamine and digestible lysine levels on performance and carcass traits of gilts with initial body weight average of 85kg, recorded during 21 and 28 day before slaughtering time were evaluated in a completely randomized block design with five replicates of two animals per experiment unit. The treatments consisted in a 2 x 2 factorial scheme, two levels of digestible lysine (DL) (0.67 and 0.87%) and two ractopamine levels (0 and 5ppm). Significant effects of DL on daily weight gain and body weight and significant effects of DL and ractopamine level were observed for feed:weight gain ratio and lean meat carcass deposition. No significant effects (P>0.05) of DL on fat thickness, muscle depth and lean meat yield according to the in vivo carcass evaluation were observed. No significant effect of ractopamine (P>0.05) on feed intake, daily weight gain and body weight (21 and 28 days) were observed. Ractopamine reduced back fat thickness at P2 point (21days) and increased lean meat yield and muscle depth in frigorific carcass evaluation.

Exigências de lisina, com base no conceito de proteína ideal, para suínos machos castrados, de 95 a 122kg, selecionados para deposição de carne magra

Lysine requirements of crossbred barrows (AG-PIC 412 X C-22), using 40 animals in a completely randomized block design with five dietary treatments (.50; .60; .70; .80 and .90% of total lysine), four replicates and two animals per experimental unit were estimated. Synthetic amino acids were added to keep amino acids levels according to the ideal protein profile. Quadratic effect of treatments on average daily gain, on feed conversion, on 10th rib fat depth and on last rib fat depth were observed. Linear effects of treatments on daily lysine intake and on daily lean gain, were observed. No effects of lysine level on daily feed intake, P1 backfat thickness, P2 backfat thickness, loin depth, lean percentage, carcass yield, carcass length, carcass length measured by Brazilian method and ham percentage were found. The total dietary lysine requirement for 95 to 122kg high lean barrows is .76%, which corresponds to approximately 25.99g/day of lysine intake.

Efeito da utilização de dietas simplificadas, à base de forragem, sobre a digestibilidade e o desempenho de coelhos Nova Zelândia

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the dry matter, crude protein and gross energy digestibilities and the performance of rabbits fed simplified diets based on forages. In digestibility assay, 45 New Zealand white rabbits with 1,550 kg of initial weight and 50 days old were distributed to a completely randomized design with 3 diets and 15 replications. Three diets were used: a reference-diet and two simplified diets (one with alfalfa hay and other with upper third part of foliage cassava hay). Coefficients of digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and gross energy were 50.06, 73.29 and 50.59% for the diet with alfalfa hay and 29.64, 46.96 and 24.52% for simplified diet with upper third part of foliage cassava hay. In performance experiment, 90 New Zealand white rabbits from 35 to 70 days old were distributed to a completely randomized design with three diets, above specified, and 30 replications. The results obtained with simplified diets in the total experimental period of (35 to 70 days) were lower than those obtained with the reference-diet; however, more studies should be conducted with simplified diets to obtain maximum incorporation use of forages for the animal.

Valor nutritivo do capim-elefante (Penninsetum purpureum, Schum), do feno de alfafa (Medicago sativa, L.) e do feno de capim coast-cross (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) para eqüinos

The objective of this work was to evaluate the intake and apparent digestibility of nutrients of elephant grass forages, alfalfa and coast-cross grass hays in adult horses. Eighteen adult Mangalarga Marchador mares were allotted to a completely randomized design with three treatments that consisted on diets with the following forages: T1 - elephant grass, T2 - alfalfa hay, T3 - coast-cross grass hay. The animals were ad libitum fed twice a day. The experimental period was constituted by a phase of eight days for diet adaptation and a phase of five days for total collection of feces. There were no differences of forage dry matter intake, with average values of 6.27 kg DM, 68.41 g DM/kg0,75 or 1.51% LW. The average coefficients of apparent digestibility of elephant grass and alfalfa and coast-cross grass hays were 43.10, 55.20, and 49.80% for DM, 4160, 53.40, and 47.90% for gross energy, 24.60; 71.20 and 56.10% for crude protein and 40.60, 35.50, and 63.30% for neutral detergent fiber.

Composição química e predição do valor nutritivo de dietas para eqüinos

The objetive of this experiment was to obtain data from literature about diet composition for horses and to estimate the digestible energy and digestible protein contents by regression equations from chemical composition of these diets. Data we re submitted to a correlation study among the content of nutrients in experimental diets and apparent digestibility coefficients, selecting the best correlation among DE, EAD, OMAD, CPAD and nutrients of diets. The values of EAD, OMAD and CPAD and digestible energy contents were fitted to simple and multiple linear regression equations in function of the nutrients contents fo the diets and in two classes of diets, roughage and mixed (roughage plus concentrate) diets. The best prediction equations for DE contents, in Mcal/kg DM, t o all horses diets were: ED = 0.104 + 0.0416 OMAD (r2 = 0.85), DE = 5.0285 0.0144 OM 0.0424 ADF (R2 = 0.89) and DE = 3.7868 0.044 A DF (R2 = 0.87). The most appropriate equation in roughage diets was: DE = 0.2273 + 0.0352 OMAD (r2 = 0,70) and in mixed diets was : DE = 0.3803 + 0.0459 OMAD (r2 = 0,86). Prediction equation of apparent digestibility coefficient for crude protein in roughag e diets was, CPAD (%) = 38.2446 + 1.7381 CP (r2 = 0.53), appropriate to estimate the contents of digestible protein in alfalfa and coast-cross grass hays.O objetivo deste trabalho foi reunir informacoes da literatura sobre a composicao de dietas para equinos e estimar, por meio de equacoes de regressao, os conteudos de energia e proteina digestivel, a partir da composicao quimica dietetica destas dietas. Foi feito um estudo de correlacao entre o conteudo e os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes, nas dietas experimentais, selecionando-se as melhores correlacoes entre ED, CDE, CDMO e CDPB e os componentes quimicos das dietas. Os valores de CDE, CDMO, CDPB e do teor de energia digestivel foram submetidos a analise de regressao linear simples e multipla, em funcao dos componentes quimicos das dietas e de duas classes, dietas simples com alimentos volumosos e dietas mistas com alimentos volumosos e concentrados. As melhores equacoes de predicao do conteudo de ED, expressas em Mcal/kg MS, para dietas em geral foram: ED = - 0,104 + 0,0416 CDMO (r² = 0,85), ED = 5,0285 - 0,0144 MO - 0,0424 FDA (R² = 0,89) e ED = 3,7868 - 0,044 FDA (R² = 0,87). Em dietas volumosas, a equacao mais adequada foi: ED = 0,2273 + 0,0352 CDMO (r² = 0,70) e em dietas mistas, ED = - 0,3803 + 0,0459 CDMO (r² = 0,86). A equacao de predicao do coeficiente de digestibilidade da proteina bruta para alimentos volumosos, CDPB (%) = 38,2446 + 1,7381 PB (r² = 0,53), mostrou-se adequada para a estimativa do conteudo em proteina digestivel dos fenos de alfafa e capim coast-cross.

Digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes de rações contendo diferentes fontes de fibra e níveis de amido com coelhos em crescimento

ABSTRACT - The objective of the present study was to evaluate the nutrients apparent digestibilities in growing rabbits fed dietswith different starch levels (22 or 32% on average) by high or low inclusion of corn grain and different fiber sources (alfalfa hay or soybeanhulls), in 2x2 factorial outline. The diets were pelleted and supplied to 64 New Zealand White rabbits (16 replicates per treat ment), weanedat 34 days, housed individually in metabolism cages and allotted to a complete randomized design. Significant effects were not observedfor the interaction between the starch levels and the fiber sources. The best digestibility was observed with high starch diets (73.56%DM,74.30%OM, 71.51%CP, 63.89%GE, 95.08% starch, 45.87%NDF, 37.78%ADF, 55.57% hemicellulose, 39.86%cellulose), except forlipid fraction. On the other hand, the best digestibility of nutrients was observed with the diets containing with soybean hull s (72.37%DM,73.06%OM, 69.10%CP, 61.74%GE, 76.84%EE, 95.10% starch, 47.00%NDF, 38.42%ADF, 55.51% hemicellulose, 42.42% cellulose).These results suggest that diets with high starch levels or soybean hulls can be used efficiently by rabbits, maintaining the n utritionalrecommendations.Key Words: alfalfa hay, corn grain, digestibility, nutrition, rabbits, soybean hulls

Digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes de dietas simplificadas baseadas em forragens para coelhos em crescimento

The effect of simplified diets based on forages on the apparent digestibility in white New Zealand rabbits was evaluated. The treatments were based on the following diets: reference (REF), hay of alfalfa (FAL), hay of rami leaves (FRA), hay of mulberry leaves (FAM) and hay of upper to 1/3 aereal part of cassava (FMA). The type of food affected the digestibility of the diets. The FMA diet showed low coefficients of digestibility in comparison to the other diets for all the analyzed nutrients. For the FAM diet the coefficients of apparent digestibility of the nutrients had higher values (P 0.05). The estimated values of digestible energy (kcal DE/kg DM) and digestible protein (%DP/DM) were, respectively, 2285.27 and 16.04 for alfalfa hay, 1857.88 and 16.37 for hay of rami leaves, 2838.48 and 15.12 for hay of mulberry leaves and 2155.55 and 10.57 for hay of upper to 1/3 aereal part of cassava.

Ácido fumárico e sua combinação com os ácidos butírico ou fórmico em dietas de leitões recém desmamados

Performance, morphological and morphometric characteristics of the small intestine of 210 recently weaned piglets, averaging 4.04 ± 0.66 kg, during two periods ( from 15 to 30 days of age and from 15 to 36 days of age) were evaluated in a randomized block experimental design with seven treatments, T1: control diet (CD); T2: CD + 0.5% fumaric acid; T3: CD + 1.0% fumaric acid; T4: CD + 0.5% fumaric acid + 0.1% butyric acid; T5: CD + 0.5% fumaric acid + 0.5% formic acid; T6: CD + 1,0% fumaric acid + 0.1% butyric acid and T7: CD + 1.0% fumaric acid + 0.5% formic acid, five replicates and six piglets per experimental unit. No effects of treatment (P 0.05) from 16 to 36 days of age. Significant differences (P<0.05) between treatments for duodenal epithelium height were observed, but not for jejunum and ileum epithelium heights. Normal villus patterns were observed in the electromicrographs of duodenum from piglets fed all different diets.

Atividade Microbiana Cecal e Contribuição Nutricional da Cecotrofia em Coelhos Alimentados com Rações Contendo Diferentes Fontes de Fibra e Níveis de Amido 1

The objective of this study was to evaluate the caecal microbial activity and caecotrophy nutritional contribution in rabbits fed diets with differents starch levels (22 or 32% on average) from a high or low inclusion of corn grain and differents fiber sources (alfalfa hay or soybean hulls), in a 2x2 factorial design. In the first experiment, 40 rabbits were individually housed in fattening cages within entirely randomized design, and fed ad libitum from 45 to 85 days of age, when they were slaughtered for collection of the ileal and caecal contents. The VFA total concentration was influenced by the interaction among treatments, being 93.82 mmol/l for the diets with high starch level and soybean hulls and 80.03 mmol/l for the diets with low starch level and alfalfa hay. In the second experiment, 40 rabbits aged 65 days were housed individually in fattening cages, in a completly randomized design, fed ad libitum for 10 days, and then received a wood necklace to allow caecotrophes collection. There was influence of the interaction between treatments on the caecotrophes protein and energy levels, being 29.66% and 4204.87 kcal/kg for the diets with high starch level and soybean hulls, and 27.98% and 4080.46 kcal/kg for the diets with low starch level and alfalfa hay. The diets with high starch level and those with soybean hulls showed higher enrichment of caecal contents and the best nutritional support for the rabbits.

Desempenho e características de carcaça de coelhos alimentados com rações contendo diferentes níveis de amido e fontes de fibra

The objective of the present study were evaluated the performance, quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the carcass in growing rabbits feeding with diets contents different starch levels (22 or 32% on average) by high or low inclusion of corn grain and different fiber sources (alfalfa hay or soybean hulls), in 2x2 factorial design. The experimental diets were pellets and fed ad libitum during 40 days to 40 rabbits weaned at 35 days, housed individually and assigned to a complete randomized design. Significant effects were not observed for the interaction between the fiber sources and the starch levels to the parameters evaluated in this study. Higher feed intake was observed with diets contents alfalfa hay (91.27 g/d), but the weight gain and food conversion were significant affected by the dietary treatments (30,18 g/d and 2.94 general average, respectively). The carcass yield, protein level, protein and energy efficiency in the carcass showed giher values for the diets with high starch levels (50.20, 62.36, 56.38 and 30.04%, respectively). Diets with high starch level or with soybean hulls resulted in better indexes of food conversion and characteristics of the carcass, reflex of a better nutrients utilization efficiency.