Detlev Liepmann

Perspectives on fluid and crystallized intelligence: facets for verbal, numerical, and figural intelligence

Abstract Fluid intelligence is often measured with figural tests, whereas crystallized intelligence is often assessed with verbal tests. It is argued that construct-irrelevant figural variance is included in fluid intelligence and construct-irrelevant verbal variance is included in crystallized intelligence. The specification of a content facet comprising verbal, numerical, and figural abilities for fluid and crystallized intelligence would reduce the construct irrelevant variance. This faceted view of fluid and crystallized abilities is regarded as more convincing than a purely hierarchical structure. Although the present approach is partly similar to Guttman’s Radex model, no radial partitioning of the tasks is expected. Seven hundred and six German participants aged between 14 and 50 years were tested with the I-S-T 2000, a test comprising verbal, numerical, and figural reasoning tasks, as well as verbal, numerical, and figural knowledge tests. In smallest space analysis, a simplex for fluid and crystallized intelligence emerged as well as a radial or a polar facet for verbal, numerical, and figural content. The faceted structure for fluid and crystallized intelligence was also shown in confirmatory factor analysis and fitted the data more completely than the hierarchical model. The implications for the conceptualization and the assessment of fluid and crystallized intelligence are discussed.

Examining the Factor Structure of the MLQ

Abstract. Over the last decade, the research dealing with transformational leadership put the emphasis on a more differentiated model of leadership. The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) assesses nine leadership facets. The instrument, though, is often criticized as the five transformational facets cannot be empirically distinguished and Contingent Reward - a transactional aspect - shows high correlations with the transformational scales. This study investigates the underlying factor structure of the MLQ 5X Short. Based on the fact that the proposed structure does not show a good model fit, a parallel analysis was conducted in order to determine the number of factors to retain. Results suggest that three factors should be extracted. Subsequently, a three-factor solution is extracted from a second sample, and tested on a third. The examination of the augmentation effect shows that, although nearly two thirds of the items were omitted, only 14% of variance explained in the MLQ Success criterion is ...

The Impact of Different Measurement Models for Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence on the Correlation with Personality Traits

Abstract. The study investigated the relations of the five-factor model of personality with a faceted, a hierarchical, and a shortened measurement model for fluid and crystallized intelligence. The faceted model for fluid and crystallized intelligence contained a content facet comprising a verbal, a numerical, and a figural factor. The hierarchical model contained primary factors for verbal, numerical, and figural fluid intelligence and for verbal, numerical, and figural crystallized intelligence as well as second-order factors for fluid and crystallized intelligence. The shortened model contained a fluid-intelligence factor based on only figural reasoning tasks, and a crystallized-intelligence factor based on only verbal knowledge tasks. A total of 789 German participants ranging from 16 to 21 years of age completed the NEO Five Factors Inventory and the Intelligence Structure Test 2000 R. Substantial correlations of fluid intelligence with openness to experience were only found for the faceted model. No...

A Multitrait-Multimethod Model for the Measurement of Sensitivity to Reward and Sensitivity to Punishment

Abstract. It was investigated whether sensitivity to reward and sensitivity to punishment as conceived in Grays (1991) Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory could be measured by means of a multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) model containing method factors representing situational variance. On the basis of the similarities between sensitivity to reward and punishment with promotion- and prevention-orientation, as discussed in the organizational context, the situational contexts were mainly chosen from school and organization. A total of 347 German participants completed a 58-item questionnaire measuring sensitivity to reward and punishment in the context of the team, of supervisors/instructors, and consumption. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed a factor for sensitivity to reward, for sensitivity to punishment, and three situational context factors (team, supervisor/instructor, and consumption). Thus, the situational variance could be controlled by means of the MTMM design. Moreover, some relations of sensitivit...

Anxiety and metacognitions: A structural analysis

This study is based on a previous analysis that supported only weak predictions of test-anxiety components by metacognitive concepts such as problem-solving and action control. To explore this dependency further, a more comprehensive variable from the anxiety domain is introduced, namely social anxiety. In a linear structural model, metacognitive variables are specified as precursors of test-anxiety components, whereas social anxiety is introduced as a mediator. Based on data from 262 German high-school students, a satisfactory fit of the model was attained. The finding replicates previous results and clarifies that the weak relationships are incorporated in a network of strong indirect paths leading from metacognitions to test anxiety. The results suggest that social anxiety may be the source from which aspects of test anxiety emerge.