Dewi Sukma

Keragaman Komponen Buah dan Kuantitas Endosperma Kelapa Dalam Kopyor Kalianda dan Kelapa Genjah Kopyor Pati

Sifat kopyor pada kelapa ditemukan pada kelapa tipe Dalam, Genjah maupun Hibrida alami yang tersebar di beberapa sentra kelapa di Indonesia, dengan jumlah tegakan yang terbatas. Sifat kopyor yang diduga merupakan hasil mutasi alami tersebut, terekspresi dalam bentuk abnormalitas endosperma dengan tekstur yang remah dan terlepas dari tempurung buah kelapanya. Harga buah kelapa kopyor di pasaran jauh lebih mahal dari kelapa normal dan tergantung ukuran buah serta kuantitas endospermanya. Informasi keragaman komponen buah dan karakteristik endosperma diperlukan dalam penyusunan program pemuliaan untuk mengembangkan varietas unggul kelapa kopyor baru dengan ukuran buah yang ideal, dengan endosperma tebal dan penuh mengisi rongga buah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi keragaman komponen buah dan kuantitas endosperma kelapa Dalam kopyor Kalianda dan kelapa Genjah kopyor Pati. Evaluasi dilakukan mulai bulan Juni 2011 sampai dengan Desember 2013 dengan metode observasi lapang dan pengamatan di laboratorium Biologi Molekuler (PMB Lab.) IPB, Bogor. Pengamatan lapang dilakukan di Kalianda, Kabupaten Lampung Selatan, Lampung dan Kabupaten Pati, Jawa Tengah. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap penampilan warna dan ukuran buah, karakter komponen buah dan karakteristik endosperma. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan adanya keragaman yang tinggi untuk karakter berat buah utuh, berat buah tanpa sabut, dan berat endosperma, baik pada aksesi kelapa Dalam kopyor Kalianda maupun pada kelapa Genjah kopyor Pati. Kuantitas endosperma buah kelapa kopyor tipe Dalam Kalianda diidentifikasi memiliki skor 1 – 9, sedangkan pada kelapa tipe Genjah memiliki skor 1 – 6. Karakteristik komponen buah dan kuantitas endosperma tersebut dapat dijadikan sebagai dasar penilaian kualitas buah kopyor untuk standardisasi produk buah kopyor dan sebagai dasar seleksi untuk program perakitan varietas unggul kelapa kopyor. Kata kunci: Skor kuantitas endosperma, keragaman morfologi buah, Sifat unggul kelapa kopyor, pemuliaan kelapa kopyor. ABSTRACT Endosperm Quantity and Fruit Character Variabilities of Kalianda Tall Kopyor and Pati Dwarf Kopyor Coconut Kopyor trait in coconut exists in a limited number of provenances in either Tall, Dwarf, and natural Hybrid types spreading in various coconut production centers in Indonesia. Kopyor trait is a natural mutant expressed in the endosperm of coconut. Unlike the hard endosperm of normal coconut, the abnormal kopyor endosperms are soft, fluffy and peeled off from the shell of the nuts. Commercial values of this kopyor mutant coconuts are much higher than the normal one and it depends on fruit size and the endosperm quantity. Information about endosperm quantity and fruit character variabilities are required to support breeding for developing improved kopyor coconut varieties having ideal fruit size, high quantity and thicker endosperm. The objectives of this evaluation were to determine variability of endosperm quantity and fruit character variabilities of Kalianda Tall kopyor and Pati Dwarf kopyor coconuts. The study was conducted during the period of June 2011 to December 2013 by field observations and laboratory works. Field observations were conducted in the kopyor coconut production centers in Kalianda, South Lampung, Lampung Province and Tayu, Pati, Central Java and laboratory works were at PMB Lab, IPB, Bogor. The results showed the existance of high variabilities of the fruit, nut, and meat weight, both for the Kalilanda Tall kopyor or Pati Dwarf kopyor coconut. The scores for endosperm quantities of Kalianda Tall kopyor ranged from 1-9, while those of Pati Dwarf kopyor ranged from 1-6. The fruit characters and endosperm quantity could be used as standard for kopyor fruit quality and for selection criteria in the breeding program to develop improved kopyor coconut varieties.

Aktivitas Kitinase dan Peroksidase dari Ekstrak Kasar Protein Asal Kalus dan Berbagai Jaringan Tanaman Trichosanthes cucumerina var. anguina

Chitinase and peroxydase are important bioactive proteins or are specific enzymes that are related to plant resistance to pathogens. The aims of the research were to analyze the chitinase and peroxidase activities of crude protein extract from calli, stem, leaves and roots of T. cucumerinavar. anguina. In the first experiment, chitinase and peroxydase activities were analyzed from in vitro calli, leaves and roots obtained from 2-month-old of field grown plants. The media for calli induction were Murashige and Skoog medium with addition of 1 µM NAA + 1 µM BA, 2 µM NAA + 2 µM BA, 3 µM NAA + 3 µM BA, or 4 µM NAA + 4 µM BA. In the second experiment, the chitinase and peroxydase activities from crude protein extract of roots, stems and leaves were analyzed. The extracts were from 3-week-old seedling (less than a month), 1-month and 2-month-old plants. The first and the second experiment results showed that crude protein extracts of plant roots from the field grown plants had the highest chitinase and peroxidase activities. Stem of field grown plants had the similar level of chitinase activities with the plant roots. Chitinase activities of in vitro calli were not significantly different from those of plant roots so that it could be used as an alternative for plant roots in studying chitinase from T. cucumerinavar. anguina. Chitinase activities in crude protein extracts of roots appeared constant whereas peroxidase tend to increase with plant age. Keywords: calli, enzyme activities, leaves, roots, stem