Dwi Purnanto

Reflexes of Proto-Austronesia into Buru Language: Preliminary Step of Testing Collins Hypothesis (1981)

This paper intends to explain two issues, the Proto-Austronesian reflex (PAN) into Buru language (Br) and its correspondence with Collinss (1981) view. A PAN top-down approach reconstructed by Blust and Trussel (2015) is employed to see the realization in Buru. The data that have been collected using direct interview are 200 basic vocabulary revised by Blust (1980) and approximately 800 cultural vocabularies. The results identify that (1) Buru speech sounds that tend to innovate from PAN, ie * k, * b, * q, * h, * S, * C, * d , * z, * ay, and * uy; (2) Buru speech sounds that tend to retain, ie * p, * t, * g, * ŋ, * m, * w, * s, * r, * l, * a, * u, * i, * ǝ ; (3) not found PAN * t that change to / f / in Buru as proof of unity with Sula and Taliabo as well as proof of separation with Ambelau language. PAN * t in the initial and middle position only changes to / t /, / n /, and / ø /. Keywords—reflex, Proto-Austronesian, Buru language, Collins hypothesis (1981)

The Option Pattern of 'Ngrasani' (Gossiping) Code by Javanese Women in Social Interaction

The present study discusses the option pattern of ngrasani ‘gossiping about someone’ by rural and urban Javanese women when involved in social interaction called rewang ‘taking part in other’s event’, arisan (a regular social gathering where a lottery is conducted), and positive relation among neighbours. The approach operative in the study is sociolinguistic in nature. The research site covers Klaten regency, Central Java, Indonesia. The data were collected by recording conversations among rural and urban Javanese women when they ngrasani (gossiped) about someone in the very social interactions. The research findings reveal that the code options comprised of Bahasa Jawa Ngoko (casual Javanese language), Bahasa Jawa Krama (formal Javanese language), the combination of Ngoko and Krama language, and the combination of Javanese language and Indonesian or even foreign language. The code options used by Javanese women when gossiping about someone envinces that the higher a woman’s social and education class was, the more varied code options she used. By contrast, the lower a woman’s social and education class was, the fewer code options she used. Also, the younger she was, the more varied her language would be. These findings corroborate that correlation is evident between the language a woman speaks and her habits, which are different across ages and education levels. Keywords—code option patterns; ngrasani ‘gossiping about someone’; rural Javanese women; urban Javanese women; social interaction

Reflex Proto-Austronesia to Ambelau in West Central Maluku Group: the Effort to Test the Hipotesis Collins (1981)

Historically, the language of Ambelau is classified into the West Central Maluku Group with Buru, Sula and Taliabo. This study intends to explain the Proto-Austronesian (PAN) reflex into Ambelau language as a first step in testing Collinss (1981) hypothesis. To achieve this goal, the PAN etymon was used in the Austronesian Comparative Dictionary compiled by Blust and Trussel (2015) and the evidences of 200 basic vocabularies and 800 cultural vocabularies collected directly in the field. Furthermore, the data were analyzed using a top-down approach of intralingual pad method with the relation technique. Of 32 phonemes (consonants and vowels) reconstructed by Blust (2013), except * g and * aw, other PAN phonemes are found reflexively in Ambelau either through retention or innovation. PAN consonants with retention and innovation are * p, * t, * k, * b, * m, * n, * ɲ, * ŋ, * s, * h, * l, * r, and * y, whereas vowels * i, * u, and * a. The only innovated PAN phonemes (not retention) are * C, * q, * d, * z, * j, * c, * N, * S, * h, * R, * y, * ay, * iw, * uy, and * ǝ. PAN reflexes either through retention or innovation, each of which is regular and irregular. It should be noted that the PAN phoneme reflex into Ambelau language is split and merged. Keywords— phonem reflex; Proto-Austronesia; shared innovation; top-down approach