Sumarlam

Reflexes of Proto-Austronesia into Buru Language: Preliminary Step of Testing Collins Hypothesis (1981)

This paper intends to explain two issues, the Proto-Austronesian reflex (PAN) into Buru language (Br) and its correspondence with Collinss (1981) view. A PAN top-down approach reconstructed by Blust and Trussel (2015) is employed to see the realization in Buru. The data that have been collected using direct interview are 200 basic vocabulary revised by Blust (1980) and approximately 800 cultural vocabularies. The results identify that (1) Buru speech sounds that tend to innovate from PAN, ie * k, * b, * q, * h, * S, * C, * d , * z, * ay, and * uy; (2) Buru speech sounds that tend to retain, ie * p, * t, * g, * ŋ, * m, * w, * s, * r, * l, * a, * u, * i, * ǝ ; (3) not found PAN * t that change to / f / in Buru as proof of unity with Sula and Taliabo as well as proof of separation with Ambelau language. PAN * t in the initial and middle position only changes to / t /, / n /, and / ø /. Keywords—reflex, Proto-Austronesian, Buru language, Collins hypothesis (1981)

The Phenomena of Brown and Levinsonrs Politeness Strategies Implemented by the Tourism Actors in Kuta Beach Bali

Tourism domain requires its actors not only to well communicate using foreign languages but also understand the proper politeness strategies. Thus, the purpose of this qualitative research is to figure out the best tourism actors’ linguistic politeness strategies to the Japanese tourists in Kuta beach. This research employs Brown and Levinsons politeness theory (1978, 1987) supported with the Japanese speech levels (Kaneko, 2014). The research data are collected through an observation method with the techniques of recording, listening and writing various interactions between the tourism actors and Japanese tourists. Based on the domain, taxonomy, component and cultural thematic analysis (Spradley, 1997), the research resultshows that the phenomenaof the implemented linguistic politeness due tothe sequences of conversation structurewithin the informal situations generally get into themain conversational contents directly without introductionfirst or closing. In this context, the positive politeness strategy is dominating as a service language to the Japanese tourists. However, in the other context, it is also found that some utterance data use first introduction at the beginning of conversation in brief. In this context, the positive politeness strategy is also dominating. At the beginning of direct speech, the researcherdoes not only find the form offutsuugo but alsoteineigomarkers with negative politeness strategy through the respectful linguistic form markersof teineigo (neutral), that is,the use of apology and common polite words at the beginning of speech. In addition to both strategies, there are also bald onrecord and off-record strategywhich depend on the context of situations following each speech event. Keywords— tourism actor; Japanese tourist; linguistic politeness strategy; speech level; beach; Bali

Speech and Politeness Disclosure Take Repentence in the Interaction of Students-Teacher

This study aims to describe the form and function of speech acts values in student-teacher communication, both in the classroom when the learning activities take place or in the school environment that is outside the classroom. This research was conducted by using qualitative descriptive approach. From this research activity managed to find the form of values of speech acts in the communication in the school environment and in the learning activities in the form of acute speech acts that include assertive, expressive and commissive speech for students against the teacher. While the functions of followup actions such as a deterrent: The statement of error as an explanation, regret that can attract a sense of concern. refines communication in the form of an apology, and gives strength and encouragement to respect. Keywords— speech acts; learning activities; classroom

The Option Pattern of 'Ngrasani' (Gossiping) Code by Javanese Women in Social Interaction

The present study discusses the option pattern of ngrasani ‘gossiping about someone’ by rural and urban Javanese women when involved in social interaction called rewang ‘taking part in other’s event’, arisan (a regular social gathering where a lottery is conducted), and positive relation among neighbours. The approach operative in the study is sociolinguistic in nature. The research site covers Klaten regency, Central Java, Indonesia. The data were collected by recording conversations among rural and urban Javanese women when they ngrasani (gossiped) about someone in the very social interactions. The research findings reveal that the code options comprised of Bahasa Jawa Ngoko (casual Javanese language), Bahasa Jawa Krama (formal Javanese language), the combination of Ngoko and Krama language, and the combination of Javanese language and Indonesian or even foreign language. The code options used by Javanese women when gossiping about someone envinces that the higher a woman’s social and education class was, the more varied code options she used. By contrast, the lower a woman’s social and education class was, the fewer code options she used. Also, the younger she was, the more varied her language would be. These findings corroborate that correlation is evident between the language a woman speaks and her habits, which are different across ages and education levels. Keywords—code option patterns; ngrasani ‘gossiping about someone’; rural Javanese women; urban Javanese women; social interaction

Reflex Proto-Austronesia to Ambelau in West Central Maluku Group: the Effort to Test the Hipotesis Collins (1981)

Historically, the language of Ambelau is classified into the West Central Maluku Group with Buru, Sula and Taliabo. This study intends to explain the Proto-Austronesian (PAN) reflex into Ambelau language as a first step in testing Collinss (1981) hypothesis. To achieve this goal, the PAN etymon was used in the Austronesian Comparative Dictionary compiled by Blust and Trussel (2015) and the evidences of 200 basic vocabularies and 800 cultural vocabularies collected directly in the field. Furthermore, the data were analyzed using a top-down approach of intralingual pad method with the relation technique. Of 32 phonemes (consonants and vowels) reconstructed by Blust (2013), except * g and * aw, other PAN phonemes are found reflexively in Ambelau either through retention or innovation. PAN consonants with retention and innovation are * p, * t, * k, * b, * m, * n, * ɲ, * ŋ, * s, * h, * l, * r, and * y, whereas vowels * i, * u, and * a. The only innovated PAN phonemes (not retention) are * C, * q, * d, * z, * j, * c, * N, * S, * h, * R, * y, * ay, * iw, * uy, and * ǝ. PAN reflexes either through retention or innovation, each of which is regular and irregular. It should be noted that the PAN phoneme reflex into Ambelau language is split and merged. Keywords— phonem reflex; Proto-Austronesia; shared innovation; top-down approach

Complaints of Indonesian Migrant Workers in Hong Kong to Their Husband Behaviors

Complaints are all utterances that are born out of misery. Therefore, the complaints of IMWs in HK are intended as utterances that show the sorrow of the IMWs. The aim of this research is to find out forms of complaints shown by the IMWs relating to the behavior of their husbands who are staying in Indonesia. This study examines the writings of IMWs published in Iqro and CahayaQu magazines in 2014. The data collected from the selected rubrics, namely La Tahzan and Curahan Hati, Analysis were made based on Appraisal theory The result showed that doubts, sadness, pain, and anger are outnumber than affection and trust to their husbands. Keywords—complaint; migrant worker; behaviors; apparaisal; attitude

Language Choice in Female Dormitory of the Boarding School of Islam Al-Mukmin Ngruki

Al-Mukmin Ngruki Islamic Boarding School is multilingual community. The aim of this study is to find out the language choice that used by students in the female dormitory Al-Mukmin Ngruki Islamic Boarding School. This study is belongs to Sosiolinguistics that belongs to with qualitative research approach. Data The were collection collected of data through observation, recording, and interview. The result of the study shows that there are some kinds of some languages used by the female students in the female dormitory in Al-Mukmin Ngruki Boarding School. They are non standart standard Indonesia languages, Javanese Ngoko, English, Arabic, and the other local languages. The most students use non standart Indonesia in their daily life communication.

KEMENANGAN DONALD TRUMP SEBAGAI PRESIDEN AMERIKA SERIKAT KE-45 MELALUI ANALISIS KONSTRUKSI KLAUSA RELATIF BAHASA INGGRIS DAN BAHASA INDONESIA SECARA SEMANTIS

This research aims (1) to comprehend the relative construction of English and Indonesia language on some texts relating to Donald Trump is elected as the 45th President of USA in 2016 semantically, and (2) to describe the analysis of relative constructive clauses between English and Indonesia language semantically. The research method is descriptive qualitative. Meanwhile, method of collecting data is agih method and the techniques are substitution, expand, interuption, and mutation. Based on the texts relating to Donald Trump is elected as the President of USA in 2016, it is found that the analysis of relative constructive clause of English and Indonesia language is based on the use of conjunction. In Indonesia language texts, there is one conjuction, namely: “yang”, meanwhile in English language texts, there are five conjuctions, namely: “who, whom, which, whose, and that”. If it is viewed from its semantics adjacent, relative clause can be divided into two sections based on its orthographics, namely: (1) restrictive relative clause which refers to the explained antecedent or as the integral unity from antecedent and unmarked by comma, and (2) non-restrictive relative clause as the additional information from antecedent explained and marked by comma.

PEMERTAHANAN BAHASA TERNATE PADA MASYARAKAT MULTILINGUAL TERNATE

Ternate is the center of education and trading in North Maluku Province. This reality makes the society of Ternate become multilingual. The language of Ternate-Malay is commonly used as lingua franca beside bahasa Indonesia. The domination of these two languages have been driving Ternate language to be shifted or died in the short time next. This study investigates the factor that influencing the Ternate language maintenance, its domains and the challenges faced in the process. The qualitative approach is used in this study. The data are obtained by applying the methods of observation, interview and document analysis. This study found that there are several factors that become challenges in maintaining this language. Those are like the teachers, government, facility and the society factor. Key words: multilingualism, language maintenance, language attitude, and domains

METAPHOR IN THE LYRIC OF MACAPAT SONG

Macapat song is bounded by the rules ( guru lagu and guru wilangan ) in Javanese culture has the value of live. This research purposes to find the form of metaphor in the lyric of Macapat song and the meaning of the lyric of Macapat song. This research is qualitative in nature. The data is in the form of written. The data were collected by library reserach and documentation. Padan method used to analysis data. The result of the research shows that there are three kinds the form of metaphor, namely : noun, verb, and adjective and the lyric of Macapat song has the cultural meaning for Javanese people to know that human life in the world impermanent and give the responsibility to the God. Key words : Metaphor, Lyric, Macapat Song