E.O.S. Saliba

Concentrados protéicos para bovinos: 1. Digestibilidade in situ da matéria seca e da proteína bruta

This work aimed to determine the in situ rumen digestibility of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) using 10 protein sources. Potential degradabilities of DM and CP of soybean meal, cottonseed meal, castorbean meal and palmist coconut meal were high (around 100%), however due to higher fractional degradation rates of soybean meal (10%) and lower for cottonseed meal (4%), castorbean meal (DM:3%, CP:1.2%) and palmist meal (1.7%), the effective degradability (ED) of soybean was significantly higher despite the rates of passage, showing this protein source has the highest ruminal nitrogen availability (from 86% to 63%, as rate of passage increased from 2 to 8%). Gluten meal is a low rumen degradable protein source (ED of CP: 16% for 0.05 passage rate). Among protein sources of animal origin, the highest potential CP degradability was observed for meat and bone meal (75.5%), followed by fish meal I (58.5%), feather and viscera meal (52.3%), and blood meal (36.7%). The highest ED for a passage rate of 5% was observed for meat and bone meal (51%), followed by fish meal I (41%), feather and viscera meal (40%) and blood meal (33%). Fish meal II showed very low rumen degradability with only 22% of CP disappearance at 48 hours of incubation.

Ligninas: métodos de obtenção e caracterização química

This review presents a short history of the study of the lignins. There are also various methods for isolation and quantification of functional groups in lignins by chemical and physical methods being presented.

Avaliação do feno de Arachis pintoi utilizando o ensaio de digestibilidade in vivo

Six sheep were used to evaluate intake and total apparent digestibilities of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), total carbohydrates (CHO), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), non fibrous carboidratos (NFC), acid detergent fiber (ADF), cellulose (CEL), hemicellulose (HCEL) and energy of Arachis pintoi hay. Nitrogen balance was also determined. Animals were kept in metabolic cages and received A. pintoi hay plus mineral salt. The Arachis pintoi was harvested with approximately 100 days. The supply of the hay was ad libitum with 20% allowed refusals. The experiment had 15 days of adaptation period and five days for sampling of hay, refusals, feces and urine samples. Chromium oxide was used as external marker to estimate fecal production. The intake of DM and OM of A. pintoi was 90.17 and 85.67 g/kg0.75, respectively. The crude protein, total digestible nutrients (TDN) and metabolizable energy (EM) were, respectively, 14.3%, 66.4% and 2.0 Mcal/kg DM. The nitrogen (N) balance was 12.1 g/day and represented 40.2% of total intake N. The total apparent digestibilities of DM, OM, CP, EE, CHO, NDF, NFC, ADF, CEL, HCEL and energy were 64.4, 68.4, 70.0, 63.4, 68.2, 53.6, 93.3, 47.2, 62.8, 66.8 and 63.7%, respectively. The Arachis pintoi hay showed high intake of digestible nutrients for a tropical legume forages, what gives support for its use in the feeding of ruminants.

Consumo e digestibilidade de novilhos Nelore sob pastagem suplementados com misturas múltiplas

The effect of three multiple mixtures supplementation on intake, digestibility and performance of Nelore steers grazing pasture of Brachiaria decumbens CV Marandu was studied. The multiple mixtures (treatments - T) were defined as: T1 - 800g of supplement with urea as crude protein source, T2 - 800g of mixture in which urea was replaced by starea, T3 - 1500g of starea, and T4 - mineral salt fed ad libitum as a control group. Six animals per treatment were given chromic oxide as a marker to measure intake and 10 animals per treatment were used to evaluate their performance. Two esophageal fistulated steers were used to collect samples of extruse. The animals fed on supplement diets showed higher weight gains (335, 419, 467g/animal) than those from the control group (271g/animal). Dry matter digestibility were 56.7, 49.8, 48.9 and 45.5%, respectively, for T1, T2, T3 and T4. A positive correlation between dry matter digestibility and in vitro dry matter digestibility (P<0.05) was observed. Supplementation with multiple mixtures increased dry matter intake (P<0.05).

Disponibilidade, composição bromatológica e consumo de matéria seca em pastagem consorciada de Brachiaria decumbens com Stylosanthes guianensis

The objective of this work was to evaluate the herbage availability, nutritive value, dry matter intake and grass and legume percentage in diet of crossbred Holstein-Zebu cows, in pasture with Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk, Stylosanthes guianensis var. vulgaris cv. Mineirao and tree legumes. To estimate the fecal output, it was used 10 g cow -1 day -1 of chromium oxide during ten consecutive days. Extrusa samples were used to determine the chemical composition and in vitro dry matter digestibility. B. decumbens availability varied with climatic conditions, while S. guianensis availability decreased linearly along the experimental period. Dry matter intake was higher in May/2001 (1.9% body weight) and did not differ among other months (1.5% body weight). Low dry matter intake values were related to low in vitro dry matter digestibility coefficients (42.1% to 48.0%) and high neutral detergent fiber content (70.2% to 79.4%). Dry matter intake was directly related to legume percentage in the pasture. This observation could indicate the potential of mixed pasture for improving nutritive value in dairy cattle diet.

Qualidade das silagens de três híbridos de sorgo ensilados em cinco diferentes estádios de maturação

Three hybrids of sorghum with medium height (BR700, BR701 e MASSA 03) for silage production were evaluated. Hybrids were harvest at five different maturation stages. Dry matter content, pH, ammonia nitrogen, crude protein, fibrous fractions, in vitro dry matter digestibility and organic acids were determined in silage. A completely randomized block design with three replicates was used. The treatments consisted in a factorial arrangement 5x3 (maturation stages x hybrids). The means were compared by SNK test (P<0.05). Dry matter content and pH values increased with the maturation stage; pH values were always lower than 4.09. No effects of maturation stage of the plant on ammonia nitrogen, fibrous fractions and in vitro dry matter digestibility were found. Organic acids contents suggested that the fermentation inside the silo was enough for preservation of the forage.

Validação do Lipe® como método para determinar a digestibilidade dos nutrientes em eqüinos

The objective of this work was to test the efficiency of enriched and purified lignin, Lipe®, as external indicator in order to estimate the apparent digestibility of the nutrients in equine diets, compared with the total feces collection and the chromic oxide methods. Six female Mangalarga Marchador with average of two years of age and average weight of 331 kg were used. The diet was alfalfa hay, commercial grain and mineral salt. The experimental period was of 29 days, the first 24 used for the adaptation of animals to the diet and facilities and the last five days for feed estimation and total feces collection. A random blocks design was used in which each animal constituted one block and each digestibility determination method, one treatment. The digestibility of nutrients using chromic oxide were smaller than those from the total collection and Lipe®, and those estimated by the Lipe® were similar to those from the total collection. Chromic oxide revealed to be inadequate and Lipe® was considered efficient to estimate the apparent digestibility in equine.

A calorimetry system for metabolism trials

An indirect calorimetry system for rapid determination of CO2 and CH4 production and O2 consumption to estimate heat production of animals was built at Escola de Veterinaria da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil. Procedures for determination of correction and calibration factors for gas analyzers and the whole system, using standard test gases were described. In addition, a metabolic trial was performed to evaluate heat production of lambs fed ad libitum. It is concluded that the system is suitable for heat production determinations in small and medium size animals.

Coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente de alimentos energéticos para juvenis de surubim

Neste trabalho, determinou-se o valor nutritivo de quatro alimentos energeticos (fuba de milho, sorgo, farelo de arroz integral e quirera de arroz) para juvenis de surubim. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da materia seca (MS), proteina bruta (PB) e energia bruta (EB) foram avaliados pela metodologia de substituicao do alimento numa racao-referencia usando-se 0,1% de oxido cromico como indicador externo. Utilizaram-se 240 alevinos com 30 g de peso medio distribuidos em tanques apropriados para coleta de fezes. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro dietas, cada uma com quatro repeticoes. O coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente da materia seca do fuba de milho foi de 62,3%; do farelo de arroz, 59,7%; da quirera de arroz, 40,4%; e do sorgo, 38%. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade da proteina bruta, nesta ordem, foram 87,4; 83,8; 85,3; e 81,1%; e os da energia bruta, 62,4; 66,4; 46,9 e 47,8%. Entre os alimentos avaliados, o que possui maior digestibilidade da materia seca, proteina bruta e energia bruta e o farelo de arroz e o de menor digestibilidade, o sorgo.

Coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente pelos métodos de indicadores e coleta total de fezes em cães

Foram avaliados comparativamente os metodos de coleta total de fezes (CT) e de indicadores, oxido cromico (Cr2O3), fibra em detergente acido (FDA) e cinzas insoluveis em acido (CIA), para determinacao dos coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) da materia seca, proteina bruta, extrativos nao nitrogenados e energia bruta de um alimento comercial para caes. Cinco caes adultos, machos, sem raca definida e com media de peso de 13,84kg receberam diariamente 2g de Cr2O3, divididos em duas porcoes de 1g, administradas por meio de capsulas de gelatina por um periodo de 14 dias. Os sete primeiros dias foram de adaptacao e os sete dias subsequentes de coleta de fezes. Os metodos de CT, de Cr2O3 e de CIA nao apresentaram diferencas entre si (P>0,001) e podem ser utilizados para determinacao dos coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente na especie canina. O indicador FDA apresentou menor indice de recuperacao do que os indicadores CIA e Cr2O3 e seus resultados nao apresentaram equivalencia com os obtidos por outros metodos testados. As medias (+ desvio padrao) dos indices de recuperacao foram 55,1% (+3,7), 93,9% (+ 17,7) e 93,7% (+ 13,3) para FDA, CIA e Cr2O3, respectivamente.