Eduardo Terra Nogueira

Atualização da proteína ideal para frangos de corte: arginina, isoleucina, valina e triptofano

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate digestible arginine:lysine, isoleucine:lysine, valine:lysine and tryptophan:lysine ratios for male broilers in two periods: 7 - 21 (starter) and 28 - 40 (finisher) days of age. A total of 1800 starter and 1440 finisher broilers were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design with 9 treatments, eight replicates of 25 and 20 birds per experimental unit in the starter and the finisher periods, respectively. The ratios used in the starter period were: 100, 105 and 110 arginine:lysine; 60, 65 and 70 isoleucine:lysine; 70, 75 and 80 valine:lysine; 15, 16 and 17 tryptophan:lysine, and in the finisher: 95, 105 and 115 arginine:lysine; 58, 67 and 76 isoleucine:lysine; 71,5, 77 and 82,5 valine:lysine; 14, 17 and 20 tryptophan:lysine. Diets were formulated to meet or exceed the nutritional requirements in both periods, except for digestible lysine (1.08% for the starter period and 0.98% for the finisher). At the end of each experiment, weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion and breast and breast fillet weight and yield were determined. In the starter period, the arginine:lysine and tryptophan:lysine ratios did not affect the evaluated parameters, but there were linear effects of isoleucine:lysine and valine:lysine ratios on birds weight gain and feed conversion. In the finisher period, the arginine:lysine ratios influenced linearlly weight gain and feed conversion. There was a quadratic effect of isoleucine:lysine, valine:lysine, and tryptophan:lysine on weight gain. The increase in the isoleucine:lysine and valine:lysine ratios results in better performance of the broilers from 7 to 21 days of age. The recommended isoleucine:lysine, valine:lysine and tryptophan:lysine ratios for broilers from 28 to 40 days of age are 69, 76 and 18%, respectively.

Utilização de enzimas exógenas em dietas com diferentes fontes e níveis de proteína para leitões na fase de creche

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the inclusion of exogenous enzymes in diets with different protein levels and sources for pigs during the nursery period. In the first experiment, 80 pigs from 21 to 51 days of age, weaned at 14 days of age, were assigned to a randomized blocks experimental design, in a 2x2x2 factorial (two protein levels; with or without meat and bone meal; with or without enzyme), with five replicates and two pigs/box, and fed a corn (C), soybean meal (SBM) and dried whey (DW)-based diets. In the second experiment, 40 pigs from 28 to 45 days of age, weaned at 21 days of age, were assigned to a randomized blocks, with four treatments, five replicates and two pigs/box, fed a control diet (C, SBM and DW-based diet with 18% crude protein - CP) and three diets with different levels of enzymatic complex (0.2, 0.4 and 0.6%). In the first experiment, no interaction was observed among protein level, presence or absence of meat and bone meal (MBM) and presence or absence of enzyme. Reduction of ADG and ADFI was observed at the dietary level of 18% CP. No effect of MBM inclusion and 0.2% enzyme in the diet was detected. In the experiment II, it was observed increasing linear effect for ADG and ADFI, as the enzyme level increase. The addition of 0.4% of exogenous enzymes provided the best economical return for the ration cost. It was concluded that the level of 21% CP and the addition of increasing exogenous enzyme levels in corn and soybean meal-based diets improve pig performance, that is not affected by the inclusion of 5% the meat and bone meal in the diets.

Digestible tryptophan:lysine ratio for laying hens

The objective of this study was to evaluate the requirement of digestible tryptophan for white laying hens in the production stage fed diets of different digestible tryptophan:digestible lysine ratios, as well as animal performance and histological alterations in their reproductive and digestive systems. A total of 280 white laying hens at 29 weeks of age were distributed in a completely randomized design with five treatments and seven replications with eight birds in each. The treatments consisted of a base feed, formulated with corn, soybean meal and corn gluten meal, and supplemented with the synthetic amino acids L-lysine, DL-methionine, L-threonine, L-isoleucine, L-arginine, and L-valine, so as to meet the nutritional requirements for laying hens, except for digestible tryptophan. The basal diet was supplemented with 0.00; 0.017; 0.035; 0.052; and 0.069 g/kg of L-tryptophan in substitution for corn starch with the objective of reaching the levels of 0.151; 0.167; 0.183; 0.199; and 0.215 g/kg of digestible tryptophan in the feed. For the ratio between digestible amino acids and lysine, the recommendation of Brazilian Tables for Poultry and Swine was followed, except for the digestible tryptophan:digestible lysine ratios, which were 19, 21, 23, 25 and 27 for each treatment. The variation in the digestible tryptophan:digestible lysine ratio promoted changes in performance and in the histological characteristics, improving the results. The digestible tryptophan:digestible lysine ratio of 24.5% in the feed of white laying hens in production stage promotes better animal performance and histological results.

Efeito da inoculação de soluções nutritivas in ovo sobre a eclodibilidade e o desempenho de frangos de corte

The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of in ovo inoculation of nutritious solutions on the hatchability and the performance of broilers at 21 days of age. It was incubated 2,400 eggs from Cobb broiler breeders at 40 weeks of age on four different dates. On the 17.5 day of incubation, the eggs were inoculated with 0.5 mL with one of the following saline solutions: 0.5%; solutioin of 2.0% glucose + 2.0% sucrose solution; 2.5% glucose + 3.0% sucrose solution, vitamin solution or chelate minerals solution. All solutions were evaluated by comparing them to a control treatment, composed of not inoculated eggs. To determine hatchability, chicks were selected according to sex and distributed in a random block design, in a 2 × 6 factorial arrangement (2 sexes × 6 solutions), with 8 replicates of 12 to 16 birds per experimental unit. At 7 and 21 days of age, it was determined weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion. Yields of chest, chest filet and leg were estimated at the end of the period. The inoculation of in ovo solutions reduced the egg hatchability, increasing the number of pecked and not hatched eggs. Weight gain and feed conversion of the birds at 7 days of age were not affected by in ovo inoculation. At 21 days of age, solutions of 2.0% of glucose + 2.0% of sucrose, of vitamins and minerals did not affect performance. However, inoculation of 2.5% of glucose + 3.0% of sucrose provided better feed conversion and increase of 4.07% in weight gain, 5.07% in the weight of chest with bones and 5.47% in the chest filet weight. Inoculation of nutritious solution containing 2.5% of glucose + 3.0% of sucrose provides greater weight gain, better feed conversion, greater yields of chest with bones and of chest filet of birds at 21 days of age.

Inclusion of glutamine associated with glutamic acid in the diet of piglets weaned at 21 days of age

Avaliou-se o efeito dos niveis de inclusao da associacao de glutamina e acido glutâmico (AminoGut: AmG) nas racoes sobre o desempenho, morfo-fisiologia gastrintestinal e incidencia de diarreia de leitoes desmamados aos 21 dias de idade. Foram utilizados 120 leitoes com peso inicial de 6,24±1,00 kg, distribuidos em delineamento de blocos casualizados, distribuidos de acordo com o peso, cinco tratamentos, seis repeticoes e quatro leitoes por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos foram: controle negativo (0% AmG); 0,5% AmG; 1,0% AmG; 1,5% AmG; controle positivo (0% AmG, 4% de inclusao de plasma suino). A inclusao de 1,0% de AmG, quando comparada com a dieta controle positivo, melhorou o ganho de peso, consumo de racao e conversao alimentar. O menor indice de diarreia foi observado com 1,0% de AmG. Os melhores resultados de altura de vilosidade intestinal e relacao vilosidade:cripta foram obtidos com 0,82% de AmG. Altura de vilosidade, profundidade de cripta e relacao vilo:cripta com 1,0% de AmG foram similares aos obtidos com a dieta controle positivo, no entanto, a relacao vilo:cripta foi maior para a dieta 1,0% de AmG no periodo de 21 a 28 dias. A suplementacao de 0,5 e 1,0% de AmG alterou o peso dos orgaos e reduziu o pH da regiao pilorica e do ileo do intestino delgado em relacao ao controle positivo. A suplementacao de 1% de glutamina associada ao acido glutâmico na racao melhora o desempenho e a morfo-fisiologia gastrintestinal de leitoes desmamados aos 21 dias de idade.

Avaliação de fontes de fósforo sobre o desempenho, peso de órgãos e parâmetros sanguíneos em suínos

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different sources of phosphorus on performance, organ weight and blood parameters of pigs. One hundred and twelve pigs with body weight 28.65±2.82kg were distributed into randomized blocks, in a 8 × 2 factorial scheme (eight sources of phosphorus × two sexes), with four repetitions for males and three for females, with two animals per pen. The pigs were fed diets containing: dicalcium phosphate (DCP); monodicalcium phosphate (MCP); triple superphosphate (TS); single superphosphate (SS), Catalao-rock phosphate (ROCK), mix of sources (MIX), phosphoric acid (PAc) or a diet without any supplemental source of phosphorus (CONT). At 60 and 90kg, all pigs were weighed and blood samples were collected to determine alkaline phosphatase activity (APA), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) and one animal per pen was killed to weigh the liver and kidneys and evaluate carcass yield. The use of diet CONT reduced the weight gain and feed intake, worsened feed:gain ratio and increased the relative weight of the kidneys, APA and Ca, and decreased blood P. The sources DCP, MCP, TS and PAc reduced the APA and maintained the P and Ca in the blood constant. Phosphorus sources TS, SS, ROCK and MIX generate similar levels of APA in pigs from 30 to 90kg to the diet without inorganic source of phosphorus without affecting their performance.

Lysine nutritional requirements of broilers reared in clean and dirty environments during the pre-starter and starter phases

A total of 3,760 Ross male broiler chicks were used in two trials, one in the pre-starter (1-11 days) phase and the other in the starter (12-22 days) phase. Birds were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design with a factorial arrangement of 5 digestible lysine levels × 2 environments (clean and dirty environment), with eight replicates per treatment. The following dietary digestible lysine levels used were: 1.06, 1.12, 1.18, 1.24 and 1.30% in the pre-starter phase, and 1.00, 1.06, 1.12, 1.18 and 1.24% in the starter phase. Minimal relation of digestible lysine:digestible methionine + cystine, threonine, tryptophan and arginine (72, 67, 19 and 108%, respectively) were maintained, as well as 2.088 and 2.002% of glycine+serine in the pre-starter and starter diets, respectively. Weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion were evaluated. In all phases, dietary digestible lysine levels significantly influenced broiler performance, and broilers reared in the clean environment presented better performance than those reared in the dirty environment. The recommended digestible lysine levels during the pre-starter and starter phases are 1.30 and 1.24% when broilers are reared in the clean enviroment and 1.26 and 1.165% in the dirty enviroment, respectively.

Effects of L-Arginine Supplementation on Lactating Mares and the Development of Foals

Background: Most animal species are able to produce Arginine (Arg) under normal conditions. However, in some situations, its degradation can be higher than its production. For example, during a period of lactation or disease, there is an increase in the consumption of Arg. In this case, endogenous production is not enough for the animal’s demands. Indeed, Arg supplementation in animals has several benefits for the animal’s body, such as the increase of angiogenesis, improvements in immunity and the reproductive system, as well as the stimulation of lactogenesis. During the early phase of growth, a deficiency of Arg could cause a reduction in the growth rate and metabolic activity of animals. Therefore, this amino acid is considered essential in some phases of the life of animals. However, very few studies of the supplementation of this amino acid in horses have been carried out. The aim of the present study was to characterize the effects of supplementing lactating mares and their foals with Arg. Materials, Methods & Results: Lactating mares (n = 10) were divided into two groups (control group: n = 3 / supplemented group: n = 7) and maintained exclusively under grazing. The supplemented group received 50 g of Arg during the lactation period. Samples of milk and blood from mares and blood from foals were collected at different phases of the lactation period. The following parameters were measured in milk: Glutamine (Gln); Glutamate (Glu); protein; fat; casein; lactose; urea and total solids. The following parameters were measured in blood: Gln; Glu; total plasmatic protein (TPP); albumin; urea; creatinine; uric acid; triglycerides; total cholesterol; calcium (C); phosphorous (P); magnesium (Mg) and ferrous (Fe). In addition, the biometric parameters of Wither Height (WH), Chest Perimeter (CP), Cannon Bone Circumference (CBC) and Fat Percentage (FP) of foals were obtained. A significant increase of Gln was observed in the milk in both groups (P 0.05), although Glu was higher in the control group in the first month of the lactation period (~ 0.21 mmol/mL) (P 0.05). Even when they were added (Gln + Glu), no differences were observed (P > 0.05). However, when the biometric parameters were analyzed, significant variations were detected in almost all characteristics (weight, WH, CP and CBC). In particular, the control group exhibited higher body mass and CP in the fifth month, when compared with the group of foals born from supplemented mares (P 0.05). Discussion: The results indicate that the supplementation of lactating mares with Arg produced few alterations in the parameters analyzed for both mares and foals. In addition, the supplementation did not produce side effects among the supplemented animals.

Folículo Dominante e Resposta Superovulatória em Novilhas da Raça Nelore

Seventeen Nelore heifers were submitted to a superovulation protocol, beginning on the ninth day of the estrous cycle. Eight heifers were superovulated with 250 IU (T1) and nine with 500 IU (T2) of FSH. The animals were monitored by ultrasonography during the superovulation period and on the embryo collection day. There were no differences on the recovery rate and quality of the structures collected among the animals of the two treatments. Animals treated with 250 (T1) and 500 IU (T2) of FSH produced 4.16 and 3.15 embryos viables/donor, respectively. The presence of the dominant follicle in the beginning of the superovulatory treatment did not affect the superovulatory response. The largest diameter follicle and second largest one and number of subordinate follicles during the superovulation from the animals of the treatments did not differ among treatments. The diameter for the largest follicle, the second largest and the number of subordinate follicles for the animals treated with 250 versus 500 IU, were: 11.36 x 11.59 mm; 8.91 x 9.42 mm and 16.93 x 17.44 mm, respectively.

Perfil hormonal de Progesterona durante o ciclo Estral em novilhas Nelore confinadas com Diferentes Ondas de Crescimento Folicular

Blood were collected daily from 16 Nelore heifers confined, for radioimmunoassay (RIA).analyses of progesterone The plasma progesterone assay were at day zero (estrus) and at each three days until the -1 and the day zero.again The animals were divided in two groups: 1) with regular estrous cycle of 21 days (heifers with two and three follicular growth waves) and 2) with prolonged estrous cycle, greater than 25 days (heifers with four follicular growth waves). The mean plasma progesterone level from the animals during the estrous cycle differed between the two groups, being greater (4,27 ng/mL) for the extended cycles.(above 25 days; 4,27 ng/mL) than for the regular estrous cycle (21 days; 2,54 ng/mL). Results suggest that those heifers which showed an extended estrous cycles, needs an additional time for the follicles to each the pre-ovulatory stadium, resulting in prolonged and increased progesterone secretion.