Fatih Göger

Phenolic composition and biological activities of Salvia halophila and Salvia virgata from Turkey

The aerial parts of Salvia halophila and Salvia virgata were subjected to Soxhlet extraction with different solvents such as n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and aqueous methanol (50%). Plants were also extracted with water under reflux. The effects of the extracts were studied in p-benzoquinone-induced abdominal constriction test for the assessment of antinociceptive activity and carrageenan-induced hind paw edema and 12-O-tetradecanoyl-13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear edema models in mice for the anti-inflammatory activity. The extracts were analysed using a HPLC-PDA method. Results showed that methanol extract of S. virgata significantly inhibited carrageenan-induced paw edema and p-benzoquinone-induced abdominal constriction at 100mg/kg dose, while it showed no effect in the TPA-induced ear edema. On the other hand, the other extracts did not show any inhibitory antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities in these in vivo models. Rosmarinic acid was found as main constituent in the extracts, while caffeic acid and luteolin derivatives were also detected.

In Vitro Antioxidant Properties and Phenolic Composition of Salvia virgata Jacq. from Turkey

Antioxidant activities and phenolic compositions of the active fractions of Salvia virgata Jacq. (Lamiaceae) from Turkey were examined. The aerial part of S. virgata was extracted with different solvents in an order of increasing polarity such as hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and 50% aqueous methanol using a Soxhlet apparatus. Water extract was also prepared from S. virgata by reflux. All solvent fractions were investigated for their total phenolic contents, total flavonoids, flavonols, qualitative-quantitative compositions (by HPLC-PDA analysis), iron(III) reductive activities, free radical scavenging activities (using DPPH*), and effect upon linoleic acid peroxidation activities; also, the peroxidation level was determined by the TBA method. The results of activity tests given as IC50 values were estimated from nonlinear algorithm and compared with standards, viz., butylated hydroxytoluene, ascorbic acid, and gallic acid. Polar fractions were found to be more active for free radical activity whereas nonpolar fractions protected the peroxidation of linoleic acid. Rosmarinic acid was the most abundant component in the extracts, followed by caffeic acid and lutelin-7- O-glycoside.

In vitro antioxidant properties and anthocyanin compositions of elderberry extracts

In this study, dried elderberry fruits growing wild in Turkey were macerated using different solvents and an infusion was prepared according to traditional methods. All extracts were investigated for their total phenolic content, total monomeric anthocyanins, qualitative-quantitative determination of cyanidin-3-glucoside (by HPLC-UV analysis), anthocyanin compositions (by LC/MS-MS), free radical scavenging activity (DPPH and ABTS) and inhibition of β-carotene/linoleic acid co-oxidation. An extract with 70% ethanol was found to be richer in cyanidin-3-glucoside when compared to the other extracts. The infusion was found to be as rich as the 70% ethanol extract. Ethanol and acetone extracts (both 70%) were found to be more active in the free radical activity and β-carotene bleaching assays. Water extract showed good ABTS radical scavenging activity when compared with ascorbic acid.

In vitro antioxidant properties and phenolic composition of Salvia halophila Hedge from Turkey

An endemic plant of Turkey Salvia halophila Hedge (Lamiaceae) was examined for its antioxidant activity and phenolic compositions. The aerial part of S. halophila was extracted with different solvents in an order of increasing polarity such as hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and 50% methanol using a Soxhlet apparatus. Water extract was also prepared from S. halophila by reflux. All solvent fractions were investigated for their total phenolic contents, flavonoids, flavonols, qualitative-quantitative compositions, iron(III) reductive activities, free radical scavenging activities and the effect upon linoleic acid peroxidation activities. The peroxidation level was also determined by the TBA method. The results of activity tests given as IC50 values were estimated from non-linear algorithm and compared with standards via BHT, ascorbic acid, gallic acid. Polar fractions were found more active among the others in free radical activity system whereas non-polar fractions protected the peroxidation of linoleic acid. Rosmarinic acid was the most abundant component, in the extracts.

Comparison of Microwave-Assisted Hydrodistillation and Hydrodistillation Methods for the Analysis of Volatile Secondary Metabolites

Abstract Microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MWHD) and hydrodistillation (HD) were carried out for the analysis of volatile components in whole and ground fruits of Anethum graveolens. L. (dill seed) and Coriandrum sativum. L. (coriander seed). Fruits were distilled using a microwave oven modified to fit a Clevenger apparatus. The effect of microwave energy on the yield and composition of the essential oil was investigated against the classical hydrodistillation. Essential oils of all samples were analyzed by GC-FID and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In the whole dillseed oil, the amounts of cis.-isodihydrocarvone (from 7.5% to 10.9%) and carvone (from 45.7% to 69.3%) were increased by microwave energy while limonene (from 17.7% to 4.7%), myristicin (from 8.7% to 5.7%) and dill apiole (from 14.1% to 6.1%) were decreased. Grinding of the material also increased the amounts of main components except for myristicin and dill apiole. A decrease in the linalool content of the coriander oil (from 80.0% to 75.5%) was observed in the microwave-assisted hydrodistilled ground fruits. Microwave-assisted distillation appeared to increase the amounts of fatty acids, for example, tetradecanoic acid (from 2.8% to 8.8%) and hexadecanoic acid (from 1.9% to 6.0%) in coriander oil.

Investigation for anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic activities of methanol extract of Capparis ovata buds and fruits.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Capparis ovata Desf. has wide natural distribution in Turkey and it is consumed in pickled form. Flower buds, root bark, and fruits of the plant are used traditionally due to their analgesic, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, anti-rheumatismal, tonic, and diuretic effects. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this study was to investigate the possible anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic effects of methanol extracts prepared from flower buds (CBE) and fruits (CFE) of C. ovata. MATERIALS AND METHODS Anti-inflammatory effects of CBE and CFE were assessed using carrageenan-induced and prostaglandin E₂-induced mouse paw edema models. For the anti-thrombotic effect evaluation, carrageenan-induced tail thrombosis model was performed in mice. The extracts were administered intraperitonally (i.p.) at the doses of 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg. The anti-inflammatory effect of Capparis extracts were tested in comparison to 10 mg/kg diclofenac and anti-thrombotic activity to 10 and 100 IU heparin. RESULTS CBE at the doses of 200, and 300 mg/kg and CFE at the doses of 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg showed significant anti-inflammatory activity and CFE reached therapeutic concentration early than CBE in carrageenan inflammation model. In prostaglandin E₂ inflammation model, CBE and CFE exhibited significant inhibitory effects. The C. ovata extracts did not show remarkable anti-thrombotic effect. CONCLUSIONS Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that fruits of C. ovata have more potent anti-inflammatory effect than flower buds. It has been suggested that inhibition of cyclooxygenase pathway is one of the mechanisms of the activity. C. ovata may be potentially used as therapeutic agents for inflammatory diseases.

One-step multiple component isolation from the oil of Crinitaria tatarica (Less.) Sojak by preparative capillary gas chromatography with characterization by spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques and evaluation of biological activity.

Gas chromatographic analysis revealed that the oil of Crinitaria tatarica was rich in sabinene (32.1%), β-pinene (8.8%), and two unknown (M+200) compounds (I) and (II) (21.4% and 3.4%). One-step multiple fractionation of the oil and separation of two unknown constituents were performed using preparative capillary gas chromatography connected to preparative fraction collector system. This combination allowed separation and recover of sufficient quantities of two unknown compounds with high purity from complex oil matrix. Separation conditions (column temperature, cooling temperature, flow rate, injection volume, cut time) were optimized to achieve the best isolation and successful collection. The target compounds were separated from the oil using a HP Innowax (Walt & Jennings Scientific, Wilmington, DE, USA) preparative capillary column in rapid one-step manner with 95.0% purity. Trapping of the isolated compounds in collector system was facilitated by cooling with liquid nitrogen. Structure determination was accomplished by spectral analysis including ultraviolet, nuclear magnetic rezonance, and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Z- (I) and E-artemidin (II) were isolated for the first time from this species. Crinitaria tatarica oil and Z- (I) and E-artemidin (II) were evaluated for biological activity.

Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of Centaurea baseri: New Species from Turkey†

The genus Centaurea L. is one of the largest and important genera of Asteraceae family. Centaurea species have been widely used as herbal remedies in folk medicine for their antidandruff, antidiarrheic, antirheumatic, anti‐inflammatory, choleretic, diuretic, digestive, stomachic, astringent, antipyretic, cytotoxic, and antibacterial properties. Centaurea baseri Kose & Alan is a recently described local endemic species in Turkey and this is the first study on the chemical composition and bioactivity of its hydrodistilled essential oil and the crude extract. According to chromatospectral analysis, hexadecanoic acid (42.3%), nonacosane (8.2%), and heptacosane (8.0%) were the main compounds of the essential oil, while 16 compounds were determined in the MeOH extract using LC/MS. Furthermore, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic effects of the essential oil and the extract were evaluated in comparison with the standard agents. The extract showed strong antifungal effect against Candida utilis at the concentration of 60 μg/ml (MIC) where the EO showed growth inhibition at the concentration of 47.00 μg/ml (MIC) against pathogen Bacillus cereus. Both the essential oil and the extract did not show any selective antioxidant properties. The extract showed remarkably selective cytotoxic properties against MCF‐7, PANC‐1, A549, and C6 glioma cells.

Phytochemicals, antioxidant, and antityrosinase activities of Achillea sivasica Çelik and Akpulat

ABSTRACT The present study is the first report on essential oil (EO) composition, phytochemicals, and biological potential of Achillea sivasica tested against free radicals, oxidative damage, and tyrosinase enzyme. Gas-Chromatography Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analyses revealed that β-pinene (11.5%, 9.3%, and 6.7%), β-pinene (7.0%, 3.0%, and 6.9%), 1,8-cineole (18.0%, 22.1%, and 6.7%), and camphor (7.6%, 4.1%, and 9.0%) were the major constituents in the EOs from the herb, flower, and leaves, respectively. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis of the extracts revealed the presence of caffeoylquinic acid derivatives, luteolin, apigenin, patuletin, isorhamnetin, cirsimaritin, and santin. The leaf extracts demonstrated strongest free radical scavenging, cupric reducing, lipid peroxidation inhibition, and antityrosinase activities.

Volatile composition, antioxidant activity, and antioxidant components in saffron cultivated in Turkey

ABSTRACT Oven dried cut stigmas of Crocus sativus L. cultivated in Eskisehir and Safranbolu regions of Turkey were subjected to micro distillation to extract steam volatiles. They were then analysed by Gas Chromatography and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry, simultaneously. The colour compounds were extracted with 80% methanol and analysed by High Pressure Liquid Chromatography HPLC/DAD and HPLC/MS/MS. The activities of the extracts of saffron against 2,2ʹ-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid free radical (ABTS●+) were investigated using on-line (HPLC-ABTS●+) and off-line methods. Safranal (62.1 and 49.3%) and α-isophorone (10.0 and 16.3%) were found as the characteristic aromatic volatiles in the Eskisehir and Safranbolu samples, respectively. Crude saffron extracts showed high total antioxidant activity against ABTS●+ radical.