Gisele Cristina de Oliveira

Exigência de Lisina para Machos Castrados de Dois Grupos Genéticos de Suínos na Fase de Terminação, com Base no Conceito de Proteína Ideal

A trial was carried out to determine lysine requirements for castrated males during finishing phase of two genetic swine groups, based on the ideal protein concept. Sixteen animals from genetic common group (GCG) were used and another sixteen, from the genetic improved group (GIG) were allotted to four treatments. The treatment consisted on a basal diets, based on corn and soybean meal containing 0.60% of lysine and other three diet, adding increasing lysine levels to achieve 0.75, 0.90 and 1.05% of total lysine. Synthetic amino acids were added (L-lysine HCl, DL-methionine, L-threonine and L-tryptophan) to keep amino acid levels according to the ideal protein profile. The plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) concentrations were recorded. The carcass traits were done with in vivo pigs using the Sono Grader ultra sound equipment. At the end of the experimental period, 12 animals were slaughtered and their carcasses were evaluated according to the Brazilian Method of Carcass Classification. It was observed no effect of lysine levels (LL) on PUN for different genetic groups. Lysine requirement for GIG pigs, during finishing phase (53 to 92 kg of live weight), is over 1.05%, whereas for GCG (50 to 90 kg of live weight) is 0.60% of total lysine.

Uso da levedura seca por "spray-dry" como fonte de proteína para suínos em crescimento e terminação

A performance trial was carried out to evaluate sugar cane yeast, (Saccharomyces spp.) dried by spray-dryer (SCYSD), on growing-finishing pigs feeding. Thirty-two crossbreed growing pigs, half of each sex, with an average initial live weight of 26.1 kg. The piglets were fed ad libitum, with diets at increasing levels (0, 7, 14 and 21%) of SCYSD. A randomized blocks experimental design was used, and four levels of inclusion and four replications, with two-pigs/experimental unit. Inclusion of SCYSD in the growth phase (26.1-59.7 kg) decreased the feed:gain ratio, with no effects on feed intake and daily weight gain. In the finishing phase (59.7-86.0 kg) and in total trial phase (26.1-86.0 kg), no performance characteristics were affected. Plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) decreases linearly with the increase of SCYSD level in both phases. A quadratic effect on thickness backfat and a linear improvement on meat:fat ratio were observed with increasing levels of SCYSD in the diets. Results suggest that SCYSD may be used up to 21% on growing-finishing pig diets, without impairing their daily weight gain.

Utilização da farinha pré-gelatinizada de milho na alimentação de leitões na fase de creche. Digestibilidade e desempenho

Two trials were carried out, Trial I (digestibility) and Trial II (performance). In Trial I, 16 castrated male crossbreed piglets were used. They were weaned at 21days and weighing on average of 6.0kg. Two piglets were kept in each metabolic cage. Studding pre-gelatinized corn meal (PGCM), we found these results: digestibility coefficient of dry matter, crude protein and crude energy was 89.2, 78.7 and 90.2%, respectively. Digestible dry matter (81.8% as-fed basis); digestible protein (6.55% as-fed basis) and digestible energy (3682 kcal/kg as-fed basis) and the value of 500% for water absorption. In trial II, 96 crossbreed piglets were used, ½ males and ½ females, weaned at 21 days, in a randomized blocks design, with four treatments, six repetitions of four piglets per cage. It was carried out to verify the effects of increasing levels of replacement (0; 33; 67; 100%) of yellow corn to pre-gelatinized corn meal, on the piglets performance at 21-63 days old. The PGCM substituted the yellow corn in diet with yellow corn, soybean meal and base mix. It was concluded that PGCM substituted the yellow corn up to the 23.7% in diet, with yellow corn, soybean meal and commercial base mix, to piglets at 21-63 days old.

Utilização do farelo de algodão, com ou sem a adição de ferro, na alimentação de leitões na fase inicial (15-30 kg)

Um experimento foi conduzido para verificar os efeitos da inclusao de tres niveis (0, 8 e 12%) de farelo de algodao contendo 36% de PB (FA36) e tres niveis (0, 20 e 40 g/100 kg de racao) de sulfato de ferro (FeSO4) em racoes isoenergeticas (12% de FA36) sobre o desempenho, o nitrogenio na ureia plasmatica (NUP) e o eritrograma de leitoes na fase inicial (15 a 30 kg). Foram utilizados 80 leitoes, machos castrados e femeas, com peso inicial de 14,81 ± 1,72 kg, alojados em baias suspensas. Foi utilizado o delineamento em blocos inteiramente casualizados, com cinco tratamentos (0FA; 8FA; 12FA; 12FA+20FeSO4 e 12FA+ 40FeSO4) e cinco repeticoes, compostas por dois ou tres animais por unidade experimental. Nao houve efeito dos niveis de FA36 nem da adicao do sulfato de ferro sobre o desempenho dos leitoes. Os valores de NUP nao foram influenciados pela inclusao de FA36. Os valores de eritrograma nao indicaram efeito dos niveis crescentes de inclusao do FA36 nem da adicao do sulfato de ferro, exceto para a variavel Hemoglobina Corpuscular Media (HCM), que aumentou linearmente com a inclusao de niveis crescentes de sulfato de ferro nas dietas. A inclusao de ate 12% de FA36 na dieta nao prejudica o desempenho de leitoes, nao havendo a necessidade da adicao de sulfato de ferro.

Efeitos da inclusão de níveis crescentes de milheto (Pennisetum Glaucum (L.) R. Brown) grão na alimentação de suínos em crescimento e terminação

A performance trial was carried out to evaluate the nutritional and economical analyses of feeding increasing dietary levels of pearl millet for growing and finishing pigs. Forty crossbreed pigs averaging initial body weight of 25.1 ± 2.1 kg were assigned to four treatments as a randomized blocks design with five replicates and two pigs (one barrow and one gilt) per experimental unit. The treatments contained the followign levels of pearl millet: 0, 25, 50 and 75%. No effects on daily feed intake (DFI), daily weight gain (DWG), and feed:gain ratio (FGR) in the growing phase was detected. However, in the finishing phase, quadratic effect on DWG and DFI was observed, showing that the inclusion of 26.44% of pearl millet increased DWG. The inclusion of pearl millet up to 75% in the diets of growing and finishing pigs meet animal requirements and it is economically viable for market value of 70% corn price.

Metabolizable energy requirement for starting barrow pigs (15 to 30 kg) fed on the ideal protein concept based diets

The objective of this study was to determine the metabolizable energy (ME) requirement f or s tarting barrow pigs. Forty-three animals, selected for their high lean ga in, were allotted in a completely randomized b lock design, divided in four treatments with five blocks and two an imals in each experimental unit. The diet i n Treatment 1 consisted of 3,264 kcal of ME/kg containing 0.96% of digestible lysine, 0.55% of digestible me th ion in e+cystine, 0.60% of digestible threonine, and 0.188% of digestible tryptophan reaching the ideal protein pattern. The diets in Treatments 2, 3, and 4 were similar to the diet in Treatment 1; nevertheless, the levels of ME in Treatments 2, 3, and 4 were 2, 4, and 6% higher than those in Treatment 1. The lysine:ME ratio, was mantained the same (2.82 g) in all treatments. The daily feed intake (DFI) and the feed:gain ratio (F:G) were not affected by the levels of ME. There was a linear increase of daily weight gain (DWG) and of daily energy intake (DEI). Later, a linear reduction in carcass protein percentage (CPP) and a linear increase of fat content and daily fat accretion (DFA) occurred. Results suggested that the required ME was of 3,264 kcal/kg or less for improved barrows (15 to 30 kg), of the dam line, fed with diets containing 0.96% of digestible lysine, formulated according to the ideal protein concept.

Utilização do milheto (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Brown) grão na alimentação de suínos na fase inicial (15-30kg de peso vivo)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Brown) utilization on feeding of initial pigs (15-30kg of body weight). A performance trial was conducted by using 48 crossbred pigs (a half barrows and a half females) with initial weight of 14.93 + 2.01kg with the use of IAPAR-IA98301 species of pearl millet (DM 90.61%; CP 11.64%; Ca 0.05%; P 0.29% and 3,182 kcal DE kg-1). A randomized blocks designwas used, with four treatments (0; 20; 40 and 60% of pearl millet inclusion), with six repetitions and two animals per experimental unit. The pearl millet inclusion on starting pigs diets did not influence on daily feed intake, average daily gain, feed:gain ratio and cost in diet per kilogram of pig produced during the initial phase. The results, suggest that the pearl millet IAPAR-IA98301 can be included in starting pig diets until 60%.

Nitrogen balance of starting barrow pigs fed on increasing lysine levels

The effects of increasing lysine levels on nitrogen balance of pigs fed on low protein diets were evaluated. Four treatments (diets) containing lysine levels (0.8, 1.0 1.2 and 1.4%) were applied to 12 starting (20.0 ± 1.8 kg) barrow pigs. Methionine, threonine and tryptophan were kept constant to the lysine ratio in all diets. Feces and urine were collected during a 5-day period. Nitrogen output in urine (NOU), total nitrogen output (TNO), nitrogen retention (NR), net protein utilization (NPU), biological value or feed protein (BVFP), urine urea nitrogen (UUN), and plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) were determined. PUN showed high negative correlations with BVFP (-0.84), NPU (-0.76), and NR (-0.78) and a positive correlation (0.79) to NOU. Lowest nitrogen excretion and the best use of diet protein were obtained with 1.1% total lysine level. PUN is efficient to indicate amino acid for pigs.

Levedura de cana-de-açúcar spray dry na alimentação de suínos na fase de crescimento e terminação

ABSTRACT The nutritional value of two spray dry yeast (sugar cane – SCYSD and brewer+sugar cane – BYSD) and their inclusion effects on growing and finishing pigs feeding was studied. The DE (kcal/kg) values for SCYSD and BYSD were 3.496 and 3.901 and for ME (kcal/kg) they were 3.475 and 3.862. The values of digestible lysine, methionine+cistine and threonine for SCYSD and BYSD were: 2.66 and 2.64%; 1.11 and 1.03%: 1.95 and 1.92%. 40 pigs with initial weight of 34.39±7.57kg (growing) and 62.45±5.68kg (finishing), allotted in a completely randomized design with five levels of SCYSD inclusion were used in the performance assay. In the growing phase, there was an impairing on DWG and F:G, however, in the finishing phase, DFI presented a quadratic effect, being 3.32% the best level and linear reduction of DWG, F:G, slaughter weight, hot carcass weight, cold carcass yield and ham weight. The results suggest that increasing levels of SCYSD may impair the performance of growing and finishing pigs. Keywords: Brewer yeast, by-product, digestible amino acids, ileal canula, nutritional value

Efeito das dietas de baixo teor de proteína bruta, suplementadas com aminoácidos, para leitões machos castrados (15 a 30 kg)

A trial was carried out to evaluate the effect of low crude protein (CP) diets, supplemented with amino acids, on the starting barrows performance. Forty barrows genetically improved, of commercial dam line, were allotted to an experimental randomized complete block design, with four treatments, five blocks and two animals per experimental unit. The four treatments were: 18.73% P .96% L - corn-soybean meal diet containing 18.73% of CP and 0.96% of digestible lysine; 16.86%P + L - it was constituted of a diet with 10% lower CP than previous and the lysine level was corrected; 16.86%P +L+M+T - it was formulated a diet with 10% lower CP than first treatment. The lysine, methionine + cystine and threonine level were corrected, with synthetic amino acids, to reach the ideal protein pattern; 17.79%P+L+M+T - it was similar to previous, however with 5% lower CP than that one obtained in the first treatment. There was no effect on performance, in the periods 0-14, 14-21 and 0-21 days of evaluation. The CP reduction was effective to decrease the plasma urea nitrogen (PUN). The cost in diet, per kilogram of gained live weight, was the same for all the treatments. The results indicated that diets with low crude protein, with synthetic amino acids supplementation, based on the ideal protein concept, do not impair the performance and economic variables, and furthermore provided the reduction in the nitrogen excretion.