José Morais Pereira Filho

Características quantitativas da carcaça de cordeiros deslanados Morada Nova em função da relação volumoso:concentrado na dieta

Eighteen lambs averaging initial body weight (BW) of 15 kg were allotted to six groups of three animals (one lamb per diet) and were fed diets with following forage:concentrate ratios (F:C): 1) 40F:60C; 2) 55F:45C; or 3) 70F:30C. Lambs of each group were slaughtered when the animal fed the diet with the highest concentrate level reached 25 kg of BW. Animals were slaughtered after 16 h of fasting (feed and water). After obtaining the slaughter body weight (SBW), animals were anesthetized by electric discharge and killed by bleeding of the carotid arteries and jugular veins. Blood was then collected and weigthed. Soon after evisceration, skin, head and extremities of the fore and rear members were removed. The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) was emptied, weighted and the value added to that of blood to obtain the empty body weight (EBW), which was calculated by subtracting SBW from GIT + blood weights. The carcasses were weighted and stored at 4°C within a 24-hours period. The empty body (EBW), hot carcass (HCW) and cold carcass weights (CCW) were all used to calculate the biological (BY), hot carcass (HCY) and cold carcass yields (CCY) as well as the weight loss by cooling process (CWL). The carcass was divided in five cuts (leg, loin, ribs, shoulder clod and neck) that were weighted for calculation of cut yields. The leg was dissected in muscle, bone and fat, and weights of these tissues were expressed in absolute weight and in percentage of leg weight. The muscle:bone and muscle:fat ratios, index of leg muscularity (ILM) and the loin eye area (LEA) were also calculated. Increasing dietary concentrate from 30 to 60% increased not only hot and cold carcass yields but also biological yield. The increasing levels of concentrate in the diet showed no effect on the percentage of leg muscle. However, it was observed an increase in both fat deposition and rib eye area.

Rendimento, composição tecidual e musculosidade da carcaça de cordeiros Santa Inês alimentados com diferentes níveis de feno de flor-de-seda na dieta

This study evaluated the effects of different dietary ratios of forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L) hay (FSH) to silk flower hay (Calotropis procera SW) (SFH) on true, biological, and retail carcass yields, carcass cooling losses, retail cut yields, tissue composition and carcass muscularity of Santa Ines lambs. Twenty-four intact male lambs were assigned to one of the following four treatments: 100:0 FSH:SFH, 66:33 FSH:SFH , 33:66 FSH:SFH, or 0:100 FSH:SFH in a completely randomized design (six animals/treatment). Animals were slaughtered at 30.0±0.4 kg of body weight or at 70 days of experiment. There was no effect of treatments on the biological, true, and retail carcass yields, which averaged, respectively 53.17, 45.97%, and 44.34%. Except for shoulder clod and leg cuts, increasing the dietary levels of SFH significantly reduced the slaughter body weight, empty body weight, hot and cold carcass weights, retail cut yields, tissue composition, and carcass muscularity. It can be concluded that the inclusion of up to 16.5% of the diet DM (33% of the dietary forage) as SFH had no detrimental effect on carcass quality.

Características da carcaça de ovinos Santa Inês terminados em pastejo e submetidos a diferentes níveis de suplementação

Objetivou-se, com esse trabalho, avaliar as caracteristicas da carcaca de cordeiros Santa Ines, mantidos em pastagem nativa e submetidos a diferentes niveis de suplementacao na dieta (1,5%, 1,0% e 0,0% do peso vivo). Foram utilizados 24 animais, machos castrados, com peso vivo (PV) medio inicial de 15 kg ± 1,44 e idade media de 150 dias. O concentrado foi constituido a base de milho moido, farelo de soja e sal mineral. O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com tres tratamentos e oito repeticoes. A utilizacao da suplementacao possibilitou a obtencao de cordeiros com caracteristicas mais desejaveis da carcaca, como: melhor rendimento, maior area de olho de lombo, menor perda de peso no resfriamento e maior peso dos cortes comerciais. Em termos de analise economica, pode-se concluir que, se o objetivo for obter carcacas mais leves com peso em torno de 7 kg e com nivel minimo de gordura nao ha necessidade de suplementacao com concentrado, mas, se o objetivo for obter carcacas pesando de 10 a 12 kg e com melhor nivel de acabamento recomenda-se suplementacao com 1,0 a 1,5% do peso vivo com concentrado.

Características quantitativas da carcaça de cordeiros terminados em confinamento e abatidos em diferentes condições corporais

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the genotypes and body condition on the carcass dressing of lambs finished in feedlot. Twenty-four Santa Ines and 24 ½ Dorper × ½ Santa Ines crossbred lambs averaging 19.8 kg of weight and 103 days old were used in the trial. The adaptation period to the facilities and diet was of 14 days. The animals received complete ration with 30% of manicoba hay (Manihot pseudoglaziovii) and 70% of concentrate. The experimental design consisted of a completely randomized 2 × 3 factorial design (two genotypes and three corporal conditions) with different number of replicates. No differences between genotypes for the quantitative carcass traits studied were observed, except for the percentage of internal fat, fat thickness in the fat condition and dressing of the leg and rib in the intermediate corporal condition. The effect of the body condition within the genotype increases the internal fat percentage, fat thickness, compactness index of the carcass and weights of the saleable cuts, except for the weight of the neck in Dorper × Santa Ines crossbred lambs.

Chemical composition and fat profile of meat from crossbred goats reared under feedlot systems

This study aimed to evaluate the chemical quality and fat profile of meat from crossbred goats (native and exotic) reared under feedlot systems. Thirty-two entire male goats were divided in equal number into four racial groups: eight pure Boer breed, eight ¾ Boer + ¼ SPRD crossbred, eight ½ Boer + ½ SPRD crossbred and eight ½ Anglo Nubian + ½ SPRD crossbred. All goats were reared under feedlot system and slaughtered at the average age and live weight of 223 days and 29 kg, respectively. The chemical composition including moisture, protein, ash, fat, cholesterol, phospholipids and fatty acids was determined. The breed types had no significant effect on moisture, protein, ash, fat, cholesterol and phospholipids contents. However, the percentages of oleic and stearic acids and the MUFA/SFA ratio showed significant differences between the four breed groups, with percentages ranging from 0.72 for ¾ Boer + ¼ SPRD crossbred to 0.95 for ½ Boer + ½ SPRD crossbred. The oleic acid (C18:1) was found in the highest percentage in the fatty acid profile in goat meat, particularly for ½ Boer + ½ SPRD and ½ Anglo + ½ SPRD genotypes. The crossing of exotic Boer and Anglo Nubian breeds with the natives SPRD resulted in a goat meat of high quality, even at a ratio of 50%, since the goat meat showed low cholesterol percentage and high protein and unsaturated fatty acids contents.

Manejo da Caatinga para produção de caprinos e ovinos

Most of the vegetation species of the Caatinga are in the process of secondary succession with predominance of invasive species with low nutritional value, such as the marmeleiro (Croton sonderianus Muell. Arg) and jurema-preta (Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir.), among the lignified species. The herbaceous species and the leaves and branches of lignified species generate around 4,000kg of dry matter/ha/year, but only 10% (400kg) is available for animal grazing. All the same, forage plants of the Caatinga are the main components of the diet of goats and sheep in the region. This aspect associated to overgrazing has contributed to the increased number of low nutritional plants, which may lead to the disappearance of forage plants and accelerate the degradation of pasture quality. Therefore, the referred aspect has become very much a matter of concern of experts and researchers who seek alternative ways to manage the Caatinga regarding the production of goats and sheep. Some management alternatives include: thinning, enrichment, trimming, cutting and conservation of excess forage produced during the rainy seasons for use in the dry season, use of pasture supplementation, among others. Thus, the present study was aimed to present and discuss alternative uses of forage resources of the Caatinga in the feeding of small ruminants and from the perspective of a sustainable use of the Caatinga.

Body composition and nutritional requirements of protein and energy for body weight gain of lambs browsing in a tropical semiarid region

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a composicao corporal em gordura, proteina e energia e as exigencias nutricionais para ganho de peso em cordeiros em sistema de pastejo na regiao semi-arida. Foram utilizados 32 cordeiros Santa Ines, castrados, com peso inicial de 15,8 kg ± 1,4 kg e idade variando entre 3 e 4 meses. Desses animais, oito cordeiros foram abatidos no inicio do experimento, como animais-referencia, para determinacao da composicao corporal inicial na metodologia do abate comparativo. Os 24 animais remanescentes foram utilizados em delineamento em blocos casualizados, com tres tratamentos e oito blocos. Cada um dos oito blocos experimentais foi composto inicialmente de tres cordeiros de 15 kg, aos quais foram aplicados os tratamentos (0,0, 1,0 e 1,5% do peso vivo do animal de suplementacao diaria com mistura concentrada composta de fuba de milho, farelo de soja e mistura mineral, ajustada para ganho de peso medio diario estimado em 200 g) aleatoriamente designados. Quando um dos animais de cada lote atingiu 30 kg de peso, os tres animais do lote foram abatidos. Os valores estimados de composicao corporal variaram de 171,59 a 145,84 g de proteina/kg de peso do corpo vazio (PCV); 0,53 a 319 g de gordura/kg de PCV; e 2,06 a 3,90 Mcal/kg de PCV para animais de 15 a 30 kg de PCV. As exigencias liquidas para ganho medio de 200 g/dia variaram de 25,99 a 22,09 g de proteina e de 0,311 a 0,591 Mcal de energia para animais de 15 a 30 kg de PV, respectivamente. Cordeiros Santa Ines em pastejo na regiao semi-arida necessitam de mais proteina e menos energia que cordeiros confinados em regioes temperadas ou confinados em areas tropicais como reportado na literatura.

Effect of supplemental feeding on carcass and non-carcass characteristics of F1 (Boer × SRD) goats finished on native pasture.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementation on the carcass characteristics of crossbred Boer goats finished on native pasture. Twenty-four Boer crossbreed goats were used, 120 days old and with an initial 15.52 kg BW. The supplemental feeding was randomly assigned to the animals according to a completely randomized design with 4 supplementation levels (0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5%) and six replications (goats). The animals had access to the pasture from 7:30 a.m. until 4 p.m. throughout the experimental period and were taken to stalls to receive supplemental feeding in individual cages equipped with hods and a water. Full and empty digestive tract (DT) were weighed, as well as the bladder and gall bladder to obtain the empty body weight (EBW). The visceras yield tended to be different from that observed for absolute weight, except for hoof yield that presented a decreasing linear behavior. The hot and cold carcass weights and the yields and the empty body weight and the biological yield presented positively response to the supplementation levels. Regarding the participation of wholesale cuts in the carcass, only the neck yield presented linear effect in response to the increase in supplementation levels. Full digestive tract and digestive content weights did not respond to the supplementation levels. The digestive content weight was decisive for the effect of supplemental feeding in the full digestive tract weight. Wholesale cuts weight responded positively to the supplementation levels.The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementation on the carcass characteristics of crossbred Boer goats finished on native pasture. Twenty-four Boer crossbreed goats were used, 120 days old and with an initial 15.52 kg BW. The supplemental feeding was randomly assigned to the animals according to a completely randomized design with 4 supplementation levels (0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5%) and six replications (goats). The animals had access to the pasture from 7:30 a.m. until 4 p.m. throughout the experimental period and were taken to stalls to receive supplemental feeding in individual cages equipped with hods and a water. Full and empty digestive tract (DT) were weighed, as well as the bladder and gall bladder to obtain the empty body weight (EBW). The visceras yield tended to be different from that observed for absolute weight, except for hoof yield that presented a decreasing linear behavior. The hot and cold carcass weights and the yields and the empty body weight and the biological yield presented positively response to the supplementation levels. Regarding the participation of wholesale cuts in the carcass, only the neck yield presented linear effect in response to the increase in supplementation levels. Full digestive tract and digestive content weights did not respond to the supplementation levels. The digestive content weight was decisive for the effect of supplemental feeding in the full digestive tract weight. Wholesale cuts weight responded positively to the supplementation levels.

Parâmetros fisiológicos e desempenho de ovinos Santa Inês submetidos a diferentes tipos de sombreamento e a suplementação em pastejo

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito da disponibilidade de sombra e da suplementacao com concentrado sobre o comportamento fisiologico e o desempenho de cordeiros Santa Ines em pastejo no semi-arido paraibano. Foram utilizados 27 ovinos machos da raca Santa Ines, com peso vivo medio de 21,5 kg e 120 dias idade. Os animais foram distribuidos aleatoriamente em tres ambientes [sem sombra (SS), sombra natural (SN) e sombra artificial (SA)] e alimentados com tres niveis de suplementacao concentrada (0, 1,0 e 1,5 %PV). A analise de variância revelou efeito significativo do turno da tarde em relacao ao da manha sobre a temperatura retal (TR). Contudo, nao se verificou efeito significativo dos fatores ambiente e dieta sobre a TR. A frequencia respiratoria foi maior no turno tarde do que no da manha nos ambientes de SS (35,28 e 61,64 mov/mim) e SA (30,28 e 51,76 mov/mim). A dieta influenciou a ingestao de materia seca (IMS) no ambiente SS. A temperatura superficial foi mais elevada no turno da tarde do que pela manha, independente dos fatores estudados. Os animais que receberam suplementacao apresentaram um melhor desempenho em relacao aos nao suplementados. Concluiu-se com esta pesquisa que o uso de sombreamento nas pastagens melhora os indices de conforto termico do ambiente, e que o desempenho de cordeiros da raca Santa Ines, em pastagem nativa enriquecida com capim buffel pode ser melhorado com a utilizacao de concentrado.

Relative development of tissues, commercial meat cuts and live weight components in Saanen goats

With the objective of evaluating the relative development of live weight (LW) components, commercial meat cuts and carcass tissues, 40 Saanen male kids were used. These animals were slaughtered when they reached 5.0, 12.5, 20.0, 27.5 and 35.0 kg of LW. The carcass was sectioned as follows: shoulder, neck, 1st to 5th rip, 6th to 13th rip, brisket, chump and leg. The leg was dissected into bones, muscle and fat. An allometric equation was used Y=aXb for relative development estimation. Osseous tissue showed a precocious growth, intermediary muscle and adipose tissues had a late growth, being the subcutaneous fat the latest. All commercial meat cuts showed an isogonic allometric coefficient, with exception for the 6th to 13th rip, and brisket. Carcass development and non-carcass components followed the empty body weight. Goats with 35 kg of LW showed adequate muscle proportion and muscle:bone ratio, but higher fat proportion than kids slaughtered at 20 kg of LW.