Aderbal Marcos de Azevedo Silva

Características quantitativas da carcaça de cordeiros deslanados Morada Nova em função da relação volumoso:concentrado na dieta

Eighteen lambs averaging initial body weight (BW) of 15 kg were allotted to six groups of three animals (one lamb per diet) and were fed diets with following forage:concentrate ratios (F:C): 1) 40F:60C; 2) 55F:45C; or 3) 70F:30C. Lambs of each group were slaughtered when the animal fed the diet with the highest concentrate level reached 25 kg of BW. Animals were slaughtered after 16 h of fasting (feed and water). After obtaining the slaughter body weight (SBW), animals were anesthetized by electric discharge and killed by bleeding of the carotid arteries and jugular veins. Blood was then collected and weigthed. Soon after evisceration, skin, head and extremities of the fore and rear members were removed. The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) was emptied, weighted and the value added to that of blood to obtain the empty body weight (EBW), which was calculated by subtracting SBW from GIT + blood weights. The carcasses were weighted and stored at 4°C within a 24-hours period. The empty body (EBW), hot carcass (HCW) and cold carcass weights (CCW) were all used to calculate the biological (BY), hot carcass (HCY) and cold carcass yields (CCY) as well as the weight loss by cooling process (CWL). The carcass was divided in five cuts (leg, loin, ribs, shoulder clod and neck) that were weighted for calculation of cut yields. The leg was dissected in muscle, bone and fat, and weights of these tissues were expressed in absolute weight and in percentage of leg weight. The muscle:bone and muscle:fat ratios, index of leg muscularity (ILM) and the loin eye area (LEA) were also calculated. Increasing dietary concentrate from 30 to 60% increased not only hot and cold carcass yields but also biological yield. The increasing levels of concentrate in the diet showed no effect on the percentage of leg muscle. However, it was observed an increase in both fat deposition and rib eye area.

Composição corporal e exigências nutricionais de proteína e energia para cordeiros Morada Nova

This investigation was carried out to determine body composition of protein, fat, and energy as well as nutritional requirements of protein and energy for maintenance and weight gain of Morada Nova Lambs. Thirty lambs averaging 15 kg of initial body weight (BW) were used in this trial. To determine the body composition using the comparative slaughter approach six lambs were slaughtered at 15 kg (reference animals), six at 20 kg (intermediary slaughter), and the remaining were distributed in one of six groups of three animals (one animal per diet) receiving the following forage (F):concentrate(C) ratios: 1) 40F:60C; 2) 55F:45C, and 3) 70F:30C. Lambs in each group were slaughtered when the animal fed the highest amount of concentrate reached 25 kg of BW. Body composition varied from 181.53 to 178.74 g of protein, 72.37 to 131.11 g of fat, and 1.81 to 2.34 Mcal of energy per kg of empty body weight (EBW). The net requirements of gain varied from 222.30 to 218.6 g of protein and from 3.30 to 4.28 Mcal of energy per kg of gained BW. The endogenous losses of nitrogen were of 0.332 g/kg0.75/day. The net requirement of energy for maintenance, estimated by heat production in fasted animals, was of 52.49 Kcal/kg0.75 of EBW. The requirements of metabolizable protein and energy for lambs from 15 to 25 kg of BW with daily weight gain of 100 g varied from 53.46 to 60.19 g/day and from 1.47 a 2.00 Mcal/day, respectively.

Rendimento, composição tecidual e musculosidade da carcaça de cordeiros Santa Inês alimentados com diferentes níveis de feno de flor-de-seda na dieta

This study evaluated the effects of different dietary ratios of forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L) hay (FSH) to silk flower hay (Calotropis procera SW) (SFH) on true, biological, and retail carcass yields, carcass cooling losses, retail cut yields, tissue composition and carcass muscularity of Santa Ines lambs. Twenty-four intact male lambs were assigned to one of the following four treatments: 100:0 FSH:SFH, 66:33 FSH:SFH , 33:66 FSH:SFH, or 0:100 FSH:SFH in a completely randomized design (six animals/treatment). Animals were slaughtered at 30.0±0.4 kg of body weight or at 70 days of experiment. There was no effect of treatments on the biological, true, and retail carcass yields, which averaged, respectively 53.17, 45.97%, and 44.34%. Except for shoulder clod and leg cuts, increasing the dietary levels of SFH significantly reduced the slaughter body weight, empty body weight, hot and cold carcass weights, retail cut yields, tissue composition, and carcass muscularity. It can be concluded that the inclusion of up to 16.5% of the diet DM (33% of the dietary forage) as SFH had no detrimental effect on carcass quality.

Características da carcaça de ovinos Santa Inês terminados em pastejo e submetidos a diferentes níveis de suplementação

Objetivou-se, com esse trabalho, avaliar as caracteristicas da carcaca de cordeiros Santa Ines, mantidos em pastagem nativa e submetidos a diferentes niveis de suplementacao na dieta (1,5%, 1,0% e 0,0% do peso vivo). Foram utilizados 24 animais, machos castrados, com peso vivo (PV) medio inicial de 15 kg ± 1,44 e idade media de 150 dias. O concentrado foi constituido a base de milho moido, farelo de soja e sal mineral. O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com tres tratamentos e oito repeticoes. A utilizacao da suplementacao possibilitou a obtencao de cordeiros com caracteristicas mais desejaveis da carcaca, como: melhor rendimento, maior area de olho de lombo, menor perda de peso no resfriamento e maior peso dos cortes comerciais. Em termos de analise economica, pode-se concluir que, se o objetivo for obter carcacas mais leves com peso em torno de 7 kg e com nivel minimo de gordura nao ha necessidade de suplementacao com concentrado, mas, se o objetivo for obter carcacas pesando de 10 a 12 kg e com melhor nivel de acabamento recomenda-se suplementacao com 1,0 a 1,5% do peso vivo com concentrado.

Manejo da Caatinga para produção de caprinos e ovinos

Most of the vegetation species of the Caatinga are in the process of secondary succession with predominance of invasive species with low nutritional value, such as the marmeleiro (Croton sonderianus Muell. Arg) and jurema-preta (Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir.), among the lignified species. The herbaceous species and the leaves and branches of lignified species generate around 4,000kg of dry matter/ha/year, but only 10% (400kg) is available for animal grazing. All the same, forage plants of the Caatinga are the main components of the diet of goats and sheep in the region. This aspect associated to overgrazing has contributed to the increased number of low nutritional plants, which may lead to the disappearance of forage plants and accelerate the degradation of pasture quality. Therefore, the referred aspect has become very much a matter of concern of experts and researchers who seek alternative ways to manage the Caatinga regarding the production of goats and sheep. Some management alternatives include: thinning, enrichment, trimming, cutting and conservation of excess forage produced during the rainy seasons for use in the dry season, use of pasture supplementation, among others. Thus, the present study was aimed to present and discuss alternative uses of forage resources of the Caatinga in the feeding of small ruminants and from the perspective of a sustainable use of the Caatinga.

Body composition and nutritional requirements of protein and energy for body weight gain of lambs browsing in a tropical semiarid region

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a composicao corporal em gordura, proteina e energia e as exigencias nutricionais para ganho de peso em cordeiros em sistema de pastejo na regiao semi-arida. Foram utilizados 32 cordeiros Santa Ines, castrados, com peso inicial de 15,8 kg ± 1,4 kg e idade variando entre 3 e 4 meses. Desses animais, oito cordeiros foram abatidos no inicio do experimento, como animais-referencia, para determinacao da composicao corporal inicial na metodologia do abate comparativo. Os 24 animais remanescentes foram utilizados em delineamento em blocos casualizados, com tres tratamentos e oito blocos. Cada um dos oito blocos experimentais foi composto inicialmente de tres cordeiros de 15 kg, aos quais foram aplicados os tratamentos (0,0, 1,0 e 1,5% do peso vivo do animal de suplementacao diaria com mistura concentrada composta de fuba de milho, farelo de soja e mistura mineral, ajustada para ganho de peso medio diario estimado em 200 g) aleatoriamente designados. Quando um dos animais de cada lote atingiu 30 kg de peso, os tres animais do lote foram abatidos. Os valores estimados de composicao corporal variaram de 171,59 a 145,84 g de proteina/kg de peso do corpo vazio (PCV); 0,53 a 319 g de gordura/kg de PCV; e 2,06 a 3,90 Mcal/kg de PCV para animais de 15 a 30 kg de PCV. As exigencias liquidas para ganho medio de 200 g/dia variaram de 25,99 a 22,09 g de proteina e de 0,311 a 0,591 Mcal de energia para animais de 15 a 30 kg de PV, respectivamente. Cordeiros Santa Ines em pastejo na regiao semi-arida necessitam de mais proteina e menos energia que cordeiros confinados em regioes temperadas ou confinados em areas tropicais como reportado na literatura.

Effect of supplemental feeding on carcass and non-carcass characteristics of F1 (Boer × SRD) goats finished on native pasture.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementation on the carcass characteristics of crossbred Boer goats finished on native pasture. Twenty-four Boer crossbreed goats were used, 120 days old and with an initial 15.52 kg BW. The supplemental feeding was randomly assigned to the animals according to a completely randomized design with 4 supplementation levels (0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5%) and six replications (goats). The animals had access to the pasture from 7:30 a.m. until 4 p.m. throughout the experimental period and were taken to stalls to receive supplemental feeding in individual cages equipped with hods and a water. Full and empty digestive tract (DT) were weighed, as well as the bladder and gall bladder to obtain the empty body weight (EBW). The visceras yield tended to be different from that observed for absolute weight, except for hoof yield that presented a decreasing linear behavior. The hot and cold carcass weights and the yields and the empty body weight and the biological yield presented positively response to the supplementation levels. Regarding the participation of wholesale cuts in the carcass, only the neck yield presented linear effect in response to the increase in supplementation levels. Full digestive tract and digestive content weights did not respond to the supplementation levels. The digestive content weight was decisive for the effect of supplemental feeding in the full digestive tract weight. Wholesale cuts weight responded positively to the supplementation levels.The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementation on the carcass characteristics of crossbred Boer goats finished on native pasture. Twenty-four Boer crossbreed goats were used, 120 days old and with an initial 15.52 kg BW. The supplemental feeding was randomly assigned to the animals according to a completely randomized design with 4 supplementation levels (0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5%) and six replications (goats). The animals had access to the pasture from 7:30 a.m. until 4 p.m. throughout the experimental period and were taken to stalls to receive supplemental feeding in individual cages equipped with hods and a water. Full and empty digestive tract (DT) were weighed, as well as the bladder and gall bladder to obtain the empty body weight (EBW). The visceras yield tended to be different from that observed for absolute weight, except for hoof yield that presented a decreasing linear behavior. The hot and cold carcass weights and the yields and the empty body weight and the biological yield presented positively response to the supplementation levels. Regarding the participation of wholesale cuts in the carcass, only the neck yield presented linear effect in response to the increase in supplementation levels. Full digestive tract and digestive content weights did not respond to the supplementation levels. The digestive content weight was decisive for the effect of supplemental feeding in the full digestive tract weight. Wholesale cuts weight responded positively to the supplementation levels.

Parâmetros fisiológicos e desempenho de ovinos Santa Inês submetidos a diferentes tipos de sombreamento e a suplementação em pastejo

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito da disponibilidade de sombra e da suplementacao com concentrado sobre o comportamento fisiologico e o desempenho de cordeiros Santa Ines em pastejo no semi-arido paraibano. Foram utilizados 27 ovinos machos da raca Santa Ines, com peso vivo medio de 21,5 kg e 120 dias idade. Os animais foram distribuidos aleatoriamente em tres ambientes [sem sombra (SS), sombra natural (SN) e sombra artificial (SA)] e alimentados com tres niveis de suplementacao concentrada (0, 1,0 e 1,5 %PV). A analise de variância revelou efeito significativo do turno da tarde em relacao ao da manha sobre a temperatura retal (TR). Contudo, nao se verificou efeito significativo dos fatores ambiente e dieta sobre a TR. A frequencia respiratoria foi maior no turno tarde do que no da manha nos ambientes de SS (35,28 e 61,64 mov/mim) e SA (30,28 e 51,76 mov/mim). A dieta influenciou a ingestao de materia seca (IMS) no ambiente SS. A temperatura superficial foi mais elevada no turno da tarde do que pela manha, independente dos fatores estudados. Os animais que receberam suplementacao apresentaram um melhor desempenho em relacao aos nao suplementados. Concluiu-se com esta pesquisa que o uso de sombreamento nas pastagens melhora os indices de conforto termico do ambiente, e que o desempenho de cordeiros da raca Santa Ines, em pastagem nativa enriquecida com capim buffel pode ser melhorado com a utilizacao de concentrado.

Mineral requirements for growth of wool and hair lambs

The present study was conducted to determine the body composition and the mineral requirements for growth of wool and hair lambs. A total of 34 castrated lambs with an initial body weight (BW) of 19.9±0.8 kg were used; 17 of these lambs were of the genotype Ideal × Ile de France and 17 were Santa Ines. Ten lambs (5 of each genotype) were slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment to establish their initial body composition. The remaining lambs were assigned to one of three diets (40% roughage and 60% concentrate, 60% roughage and 40% concentrate, or 80% roughage and 20% concentrate) in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. All of the diets were provided ad libitum. When the group under 40% roughage and 60% concentrate reached 35 kg BW, all of the animals were slaughtered. Linear regressions were used to determine the relationship between the shrunk BW and the empty body weight (EBW) for each genotype. These equations were compared and revealed differences between the genotypes. The allometric equations were calculated using the relationship between the amount of minerals and the EBW. The equations of a given mineral for each genotype were compared to verify if they were statistically different. The equations for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and sodium differed between genotypes. The same equations were used to estimate the major body mineral composition per kilogram of EBW. The net requirement for gain of the fleece-free Ideal × Ile de France lambs ranged from 7.77 to 6.80 g Ca, 4.54 to 4.14 g P, 0.30 to 0.27 g Mg, 1.18 to 1.07 g K and 0.84 to 0.76 g Na per kg BW gain, and the requirements of the Santa Ines animals ranged from 9.57 to 8.37 g Ca, 5.39 to 4.91 g P, 0.36 to 0.33 g Mg, 1.18 to 1.07 g K and 0.90 to 0.81 g Na per kg BW gain for the lambs weighting 20 to 35 kg. Santa Ines lambs showed higher requirements for Ca, P, Mg and Na.

Body Composition and Net Energy Requirements of Brazilian Somali Lambs

The aim of this study was to determine the energy requirements for maintenance (NEm) and growth of 48 Brazilian Somali ram lambs with an average initial body weight of 13.47±1.76 kg. Eight animals were slaughtered at the trials beginning as a reference group to estimate the initial empty body weight (EBW) and body composition. The remaining animals were assigned to a randomised block design with eight replications per block and five diets with increasing metabolisable energy content (4.93, 8.65, 9.41, 10.12 and 11.24 MJ/kg dry matter). The logarithm of heat production was regressed against metabolisable energy intake (MEI), and the NEm (kJ/kg0.75 EBW/day) were estimated by extrapolation, when MEI was set at zero. The NEm was 239.77 kJ/kg0.75 EBW/day. The animal’s energy and EBW fat contents increased from 11.20 MJ/kg and 208.54 g/kg to 13.54 MJ/kg and 274.95 g/kg of EBW, respectively, as the BW increased from 13 to 28.70 kg. The net energy requirements for EBW gain increased from 13.79 to 16.72 MJ/kg EBW gain for body weights of 13 and 28.70 kg. Our study indicated the net energy requirements for maintenance in Brazilian Somali lambs were similar to the values commonly recommended by the United States’ nutritional system, but lower than the values recommended by Agricultural Research Council and Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization. Net requirements for weight gain were less compared to the values commonly recommended by nutritional system of the United States.