S.A. Blum

Effects of source and level of added chromium on growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs

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The effects of supplementing growing finishing swine diets with betaine and (or) choline on growth and carcass characteristics

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The effect of L-carnitine on growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs.

Ninety-six crossbred pigs (initially 75 lb BW) were used to investigate the effect of increasing dietary carnitine on growth performance and carcass characteristics in growing-finishing swine. Pigs (48 barrows and 48 gilts) were blocked by weight, ancestry, and sex in a randomized complete block design (two pigs per pen and eight pens per treatment). Dietary carnitine replaced cornstarch in the control diet to achieve added dietary carnitine levels of 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125 ppm. Grower (75 to 125 lb) and finisher (125 to 227 lb) diets were formulated to contain 1.0% lysine and .80%, respectively. All diets were corn-soybean meal-based, contained .15% L-lysine HCl and 2.5% soy oil, and were fed in meal form. When the mean weight for pigs in a pen reached 227 lb, one pig per pen was slaughtered to determine carcass characteristics. Dietary carnitine did not influence growth performance during the growing or finishing phases. However, for the overall trial, the mean of all pigs fed dietary carnitine had numerically improved average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (F/G) when compared with pigs fed the control diet. Dietary carnitine reduced average backfat thickness and tenth rib backfat depth and increased longissimus muscle area, with 50 ppm providing the maximum response. These data suggest that 50 ppm L-carnitine fed during the growing-finishing phase had no effect on growth performance but resulted in increased muscle deposition and reduced fat accretion as measured by longissimus muscle area and average and tenth rib backfat depth.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 17, 1994

Effect of dietary L-carnitine on growth, carcass characteristics, and metabolism of swine

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The effect of lysine and valine fed during lactation on sow and litter lactation performance

Two hundred two sows (98 parity 1 and 104 parity 2 sows) were used in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments to determine the effect of dietary valine and lysine on sow lactation performance. Treatments included two levels of lysine (.8 or 1.2%) and three valine to lysine ratios (80, 100, 120% of lysine). This experiment was conducted at a research farm of a production facility in New South Wales, Australia from January to March, 1994. For all sows, increasing dietary lysine increased litter weaning weight and litter weight gain and reduced sow weight loss. Increasing dietary valine tended to increase litter weight gain. Parity 1 sows had a greater response in litter weight gain to dietary lysine than parity 2 sows. Parity 1 sows also exhibited a linear increase in litter weight gain as dietary valine increased. Parity 2 sows had an increase in litter weight gain at the low lysine level but a decrease in litter weight gain at the high lysine level with increasing valine in the diet. Both parities had a similar reduction in sow weight loss with increasing dietary lysine. The data also were separated into sows that weaned 10 or more pigs and sows that weaned fewer than 10 pigs. Sows that weaned 10+ pigs had a greater increase in litter weaning weight and litter weight gain when dietary lysine was increased from .8 to 1.2 %. These sows also had a linear increase in litter weaning weights and litter weight gain as valine increased. Sows that weaned fewer than 10 pigs had no response to increasing lysine or valine. Serum urea nitrogen was increased by increased dietary lysine but was not affected by valine. The results demonstrate the need to increase dietary lysine and valine as milk production increases. The high-producing sow (10+ pigs weaned) requires increased lysine and valine to maximize litter growth rate and minimize sow weight loss. The independent increases in litter weaning weights from adding lysine and valine suggest separate modes of action in the high-producing sow for these amino acids in milk synthesis.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 17, 1994

Determining the valine requirement of the mgr-producing lactating sow

Two hundred-three large white x Landrace or large white x Chester White x Landrace sows (40 or 41/ treatment, avg parity 3.7) were used in a 26 d lactation experiment to determine the valine requirement of high-producing sows. All diets were formulated to .9% lysine with all amino acids other than valine formulated to be at least 110% of their respective ratios relative to lysine. Synthetic valine replaced cornstarch to provide .75, .85, .95, 1.05, and 1.15% dietary valine. Corresponding valine:lysine ratios were 83, 94, 106, 117, and 128% of lysine. The experiment was conducted at two experiment stations from July, 1993 through January, 1994. Mean litter size of all treatments after adjustment was 10.33 pigs. Sow feed intake and grams of lysine intake were not different among treatments. Grams of valine intake increased linearly as dietary valine increased. Litter weight at d 21 and weaning increased linearly with increasing dietary valine. Litter weight gain from d 0 to 7 increased linearly as dietary valine increased to 1.15 %. Litter weight gain from d 0 to 21 and d 0 to weaning increased linearly as dietary valine increased, with the greatest portion of the response observed as valine increased to 1.05% of the diet. Dietary valine had no effect on sow weight change, 10th rib backfat (BF) change, or last lumbar BF change from d 0 to 21 or d 0 to weaning. Days to estrus postweaning were not affected by dietary valine. These results demonstrate that high-producing sows have a dietary valine requirement of at least 117% of lysine during lactation (66.4 g/d valine), much greater than is currently recommended by NRC (1988; 100% of lysine) or ARC (1981; 70% of lysine) to maximize litter weaning weight and litter weight gain.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 17, 1994

The effects of supplemental dietary carnitine, betaine, and chromium nicotinate on growth and carcass characteristics in growing-finishing swine

Sixty-four pigs (initially 75 lb) were used to determine the effects of dietary betaine, carnitine, and chromium nicotinate on growth performance and carcass composition. Pigs were blocked by sex, ancestry, and weight and allotted in a randomized complete block design to each of four dietary treatments. These treatments were a corn-soybean meal-based control diet and control diet plus 50 ppm carnitine, 1,000 ppm betaine, or 200 ppb chromium from chromium nicotinate. Grower diets (75 to 125 lb) were formulated to contain 1.0% lysine and finisher diets (125 to 225 lb) were formulated to contain .8% lysine. All diets were com-soybean meal-based, were fed in meal form, and contained .15% L-Iysine HCl and 2.5% soy oil. When mean weight of pigs in a pen reached 225 lb, one pig per pen was selected at random and slaughtered to obtain carcass measurements. During the grower phase, pigs fed carnitine had greater ADG and feed efficiency (F/G) than pigs fed the control diet. However, during the finishing phase and overall, no differences were observed for ADG, F/G, or ADFI. Pigs fed carnitine had larger longissimus muscle area and greater percentage muscle than pigs fed the control or betaine diets. Also, pigs fed carnitine had lower tenth rib backfat thickness compared to those fed the control diet. Average backfat thickness was lower in the pigs fed camitine or chromium nicotinate than in pigs fed the control diet. These results indicate that additions of dietary carnitine and chromium nicotinate are viable means of increasing carcass leanness in growing-finishing pigs. Further study of the metabolism of carnitine, chromium nicotinate, and betaine is needed to examine possible modes of action in the growing-finishing pig.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 17, 1994

The effect of dietary L-carnitine on growth performance and tissue accretion rates in the early-weaned pig

A total of 216 pigs (initially 11.7 Ib and 21 d of age) was used in a 35-<1 growth trial to determine the effect of dietary L-carnitine on growth performance and tissue accretion rates for the early-weaned pig when fed a porcine plasma-based diet. Pigs were blocked by>weight, ancestry, and sex in a randomized complete block design, resulting in six pigs per pen (three barrows and three gilts) and six pens per treatment. Experimental diets were fed in two phases from d 0 to 35 postweaning. During Phase I (d 0 to 14 postweaning), the control diet was corn-soybean meal based; included 7.5% spray-dried porcine plasma, 25% dried whey, and 1.75% spray-dried blood meal; and was formulated to contain 1.6% lysine; and .44% methionine. On d 14, all pigs were switched to a Phase II (d 14 to 35 postweaning) diet that contained 10% dried whey and 2.5% spray-dried blood meal and was formulated to contain 1.25% lysine and .36% methionine. L-carnitine replaced corn in the Phase I and II control diets to provide dietary Lcarnitine levels of 250, 500, 750, 1,000, and 1,250 ppm. On d 35, three barrows and three gilts per treatment (one pig per block) were slaughtered to determine carcass composition. From d 0 to 14 postweaning, increasing L-carnitine had no effect on growth performance. From d 14 to 35 and d 0 to 35, no differences occurred in average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI); however, pigs fed 1,000 ppm L-carnitine were more efficient (F/G) over the entire trial and were 1.94 lb heavier on d 35 than pigs on the positive control treatment. Plasma carnitine levels taken on day 14 increased as dietary carnitine increased. Percentage carcass CP, lipid, and daily protein accretion were not influenced by dietary L-carnitine on d 35. However, daily fat accretion was reduced, with pigs on the 750 ppm L-carnitine having the lowest daily fat accretion. Based on these results, L-carnitine addition reduces daily fat accretion and improves F/G when fed during the nursery phase.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 17, 1994

Effect of L-carnitine on starter pig performance and fat utilization.

This report is brought to you for free and open access by New Prairie Press. It has been accepted for inclusion in Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports by an authorized administrator of New Prairie Press. Copyright 1990 Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service.

Effects of source and level of added chromium on growth performance of starter pigs.

This report is brought to you for free and open access by New Prairie Press. It has been accepted for inclusion in Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports by an authorized administrator of New Prairie Press. Copyright 1997 Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service.