Kaliandra Souza Alves

Níveis de energia em dietas para ovinos Santa Inês: características de carcaça e constituintes corporais

Carcass characteristics, cut dressing and body constituents were determined according to the different dietary energy levels. Eighteen Santa Ines sheep (averaging live weight of 20 kg and six months old) were full fed diets with 2.43, 2.66 and 2.88 Mcal of metabolizable energy (ME)/kg of dry matter (DM). The animals were slaughtered when reached 33 kg live weight (LW). A randomized block design, with six replicates, was used. Linear decreasing effect was observed for loss in fast (LF) and linear increase for hot (HCW) and cold (CCW) carcass weight, hot (HCD) and cold (CCD) carcass dressing and empty body weight (EBW). However, the loss in cooling (LC) and true dressing (TD) were not affected by the dietary energy levels. For the cuts and its respective dressing in relation to the CCW, no effect was observed for the analyzed variables, except for shoulder weight and superior rib weight, that showed increasing linear effect, as the dietary energy levels increased. The compactness index of the carcass and leg showed no effect, as the dietary energy levels increased. Fat thichness and loin eye area showed no significant effects. No significant effect was observed for the noncarcass constituents, except for the internal fat (IF) and for the content of gastrointestinal tract - CGT and rumen/reticulum - R/R, that showed linear increasing effect and linear decreasing effect, respectively.

Características de carcaça e dos componentes não-carcaça de cabritos Moxotó e Canindé submetidos a dois níveis de alimentação

Twenty-two non-castrated male kids (10 Moxoto and 12 Caninde) averaging 15 kg of initial body weight and housed in individual pens were used in this trial. Animals were assigned to a completely randomized design in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments [two breeds and two feeding levels: ad libitum (AL) or 30% of feed restriction (FR). Animals fed AL had greater yields of hot carcass, cold carcass, and carcass edible parts compared to those fed FR. It was not observed a significant feeding level effect on true carcass yield. After slaughter and cooling of the carcasses the following cuts were done: neck, shoulder clod, ribs (1st-5th and 6th-13th), loin, leg and breast. Although animals fed AL had greater body weights than FR kids, no significant differences were found between treatments for the different carcass cuts when expressed as percentage of cold carcass weight. Hind leg yield was affected by feeding level being lower in animals fed AL. Yields of liver, head, and gut, as percentage of empty body weight, were also affected by feeding level. Feed restriction had a negative effect on development and tissue deposition leading to lower cold carcass yield and weight. It can be concluded that when size and mature weight were similar, breed was not responsible for the differences on carcass characteristics, non-carcass components, and commercial cuts.

Níveis de energia em dietas para ovinos Santa Inês: desempenho

The intakes of dry matter (IDM), metabolizable energy (IME), ether extract (IEE), crude protein (ICP), neutral detergent fiber (INDF), acid detergent fiber (IADF) and organic matter (IOM) and the daily weight gain (WG), in kg/day, and feed conversion (FC) were determined to evaluate the effect of three dietary energy levels, for sheep. Eighteen Santa Ines sheep (averaging live weight of 20 kg six months old) were full fed diets with 2.42, 2.66 and 2.83 Mcal of metabolizable energy (ME)/kg of dry matter (DM). A randomized block design, with six replicates, was used. IDM, in kg/day, %LW, g/kg0.75, showed no effect, as the dietary energy levels increased, with average of 0.88 kg, 3.33% and 75.52 g, respectively. INDF and IADF showed linear decreasing effect, as the dietary energy levels increased. IEE and IME increased linearly, as the dietary energy levels increased. There was no significant effect for ICP, as the dietary energy levels increased. Dietary energy levels did not influence weight gain and feed conversion, that were of 0.123, 0.137, and 0.191 kg and 9.6, 8.4, and 7.0, respectively.

Níveis de energia em dietas para ovinos Santa Inês: digestibilidade aparente

The coefficients of apparent digestibility of dry matter (CADDM), organic matter (CADOM), crude protein (CADCP), ether extract (CADEE), total carbohydrates (CADTCHO), nonfiber carbohydrates (CADNFC), neutral detergent fiber (CADNDF) and acid detergent fiber (CADADF) were determined to evaluate the effect of the increasing dietary energy levels. The estimate of the apparent digestibility of the nutrients, using the method of fecal total collection, and the estimate of fecal dry matter production (FDMP), by the indigestible acid detergent fiber (IADF), as internal marker, were also compared. Eighteen Santa Ines sheep (averaging live weight of 20 kg and six months old) were full fed diets with 2.42; 2.66 and 2.83 Mcal metabolizable energy/kg of dry matter and allotted to a randomized block design, with six replicates. FDMP estimate, using IADF, was performed to be compared with the FDMP, determined by the total feces collection. It was observed increasing linear effect for CADDM, CADOM, CADEE, CADTCHO and CADNFC, as the the dietary energy levels increased. However, CADNDF and CADADF decreased linearly and, for CADCP, there was no effect, as the the dietary energy levels increased. IADF can be used as internal marker to estimate the coefficient of apparent digestibility in sheep.

Digestibilidade e absorção aparentes em vacas da raça holandesa alimentadas com palma forrageira (Opuntia ficus-indica mill) em substituição à silagem de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor (L.) moench)

It was evaluated the effect of four levels forage cactus in replacement of sorghum silage, in diets of lactating Holstein cows, on the apparent digestibility of dry matter (ADDM), organic matter (ADOM), crude protein (ADCP), ether extract (ADEE), neutral detergent fiber (ADNDF) and acid (ADADF), total carbohydrates (ADTCH) and nonfiber carbohydrates (ADNFC), content of total digestible nutrients (TDN) and apparent absorption of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and sodium (Na). Eight Holstein cows averaging 590 kg and producing 27 kg of milk/day were used in a 4x4 Latin square design with four animals, four periods and four levels of forage cactus inclusion. All nutrients apparent digestibility showed significant quadratic response with increasing cactus in diets. Significant quadratic responses of apparent digestibility would likely attributed to increase in amounts NFC, decrease NDF and ADF in diets. The apparent absorption for Ca, P and Na also showed significant quadratic response. However, K had linear increase. The Ca:P ratio that provided better apparent absorption for the two mineral elements was 1.9:1.

Efeito dos níveis de concentrado sobre o desempenho de ovinos Morada Nova em confinamento

The objective of this trial was to evaluate performance and nutrient intake and digestibility in feedlot Morada Nova hair sheep fed increasing levels of dietary concentrate. Thirty-two castratated Morada Nova sheep averaging 8.11 ± 1.15 months of age and 19.67 ± 2.97 kg of body weight (BW) at the beginning of the study were used in this trial. Animals were slaughtered with 30.0 kg of BW and fed diets with the following concentrate levels: 20, 40, 60 or 80%. A completely randomized block design with eight replicates per treatment was used. There was a significant linear reduction in feedlot days from 123.37 to 52.50 when the concentrate levels increased from 20 to 80% in the diet. Conversely, dry matter intake increasead linearly from 0.925 to 1.124 kg/day by reducing the forage:concentrate ratio of the diet. The daily weight gain and feed conversion and efficiency improved with increasing the levels concentrate in the diet. Intakes of organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, total digestible nutrients, metabolizable energy, total carbohydrates, and nonfiber carbohydrates all increasead with concentrate levels in the diet, while the opposite was observed for intakes of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber. Total tract apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and total carbohydrates increased when the concentrate levels was increased in the diet. Significant quadratic effects were observed for the the digestibility of ether extract and nonfiber carbohydrates while that of crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fibers was not affected by the dietary levels of concentrate. Dietary concentrate levels greater than 60% improved performance of feedlot Morada Nova sheep by increasing daily weight gain and decreasing slaughter feedlot time. Diets with concentrate levels higher than 40% increasead digestibility coefficients of nutrients.

Substituição do milho por farelo de palma forrageira em dietas de ovinos em crescimento: desempenho

Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar quatro niveis de substituicao do milho (0; 33; 67 e 100%) pelo farelo de palma forrageira sobre o desempenho de ovinos em crescimento terminados em confinamento. Vinte carneiros mesticos Santa Ines foram distribuidos em delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos (niveis de substituicao do milho pelo farelo de palma) e cinco repeticoes. Alem do milho e/ou farelo de palma, os animais receberam feno de Tifton (Cynodon dactylon), como volumoso, farelo de soja, calcario e sal mineral. O ganho de peso e a conversao alimentar diminuiram, enquanto os consumos de FDN e de FDA aumentaram linearmente com a substituicao. Os consumos de materia seca, de proteina bruta, de materia orgânica e de carboidratos totais e o rendimento de carcaca nao foram influenciados pela substituicao do milho pelo farelo de palma.

Body composition and energy requirements for weight gain of growing Moxotó goat kids

Twenty-six Moxoto non-castrated males kids, with average 15 kg BW and 7 to 8 mo old, were fed a diet containing 2.6 Mcal/kg ME were used to evaluate the body composition and energy requirements for weight gain. At the beginning of the experiment, six animals were slaughtered as a reference to estimate initial body composition and initial empty body weight (EBW). While, the remaining animals (four groups of five animals, one for each feeding regime, were distributed to a completely randomized experimental design, with four feeding regime (100% or ad libitum (AL), and 85, 70 or 55% of the intake recorded for the animals from the AL group) and five replications. As the animals from the AL group approached 25 kg BW, an animal from each feeding regime was slaughtered. Logarithm (log) equations body fat (BFC) and energy (BEC) content were fitted on log10 of EBW. The concentration of water in the body of animals was low, however, the deposition of fat, protein and ash content increased with the maturity of animals. There was an increase from 78.55 to 125.38 g/kg of EBW in BFC and from 1.90 to 2.34 Mcal/kg of EBW in BEC with the increase from 15 to 25 kg of LW of the animals. There was a positive linear relationship between energy composition of gain in EBW (EBWG) (Mcal/kg EBWG) and EBW. Similar response was observed to BFC in the gain. The body fat (g) and energy (Mcal) contents of Moxoto goats kids increased from 14.33 to 22.87 and 0.26 to 0.32 per 100 g of EBWG, respectively, as EBW increased.

Composição corporal e exigências de proteína para ganho de peso de caprinos Moxotó em crescimento

Twenty-six Moxoto non-castrated male kids (initial mean 15 kg LW and 7-8 month old) fed a diet with 2.6 Mcal ME were used to evaluate the body composition and protein requirements for weight gain. At the beginning of the experiment, six animals were slaughtered as reference to estimate initial body composition and initial empty body weight (EBW). Subsequently, homogeneous groups of four animals were distributed a complete randomized experimental design into two feeding regimes: ad libitum feeding (AL) and feed restriction of 85, 70 and 55% of that consumed by the AL feeding group. The animals from each feeding regime were slaughtered at the time the group of the AL feeding approached 25 kg LW. Logarithm equation of retained body protein contents (BCP) was fitted on log10 of empty body weight (EBW). By deriving this equation, the predicting equation of BCP per kg of EBW gain was obtained. The protein content of the animals remained practically constant and ranged from 205.60 to 201.69 g/kg of EBW (reduction of 1.9%) and 15 to 25 kg with the increase of live weight. Despite of small body changes of net protein requirements (19.86 to 19.49), the fat: protein ratio increased with the increase in LV from 15 to 25 kg.

Exigências de energia para mantença e eficiência de utilização da energia metabolizável para mantença e ganho de peso de caprinos Moxotó

Twenty-six Moxoto non-castrated male kids (averaging 15 kg of initial live weight (LW) and 6-8 months old) fed a diet with 2.6 Mcal of metabolizable energy were used to predict the net energy requirements for maintenance and net efficiency of metabolizable energy utilization (EMEU) for maintenance (km) and weight gain (kf). At the beginning of the experiment, six animals were slaughtered as reference to estimate initial body composition and initial empty body weight (EBW). Afterwards, five groups of four animals (one for each intake levels) were assigned to a complete randomized design, in the following treatments: 100% or ad libitum (AL), 85, 70 and 55 of ad libitum. Each group was slaughtered when BW of AL animals reached 25 kg LW. The net energy requirements for maintenance were estimated by the logarithm or exponential relations of heat production (HP) and metabolizable energy intake. Estimates of km and kf were calculated as the relation between dietary net energy for gain and maintenance, respectively, and the dietary ME concentration. After, ME and TDN requirements were estimated. The net energy requirement for maintenance of 55.11 kcal per kg EBW0.75 was next to the predicted by the North American report for this specie. This value is considered low if compared to that reported in the Brazilian literature. Km estimate was of 0.57. Kf estimates were of 0.22, 0.19, 0.28 and 0.36, respectively, for the concentrations of 2.99, 2.95, 2.56 e 2.5 Mcal/kg of DM.