Marcelo de Andrade Ferreira

Níveis de energia em dietas para ovinos Santa Inês: características de carcaça e constituintes corporais

Carcass characteristics, cut dressing and body constituents were determined according to the different dietary energy levels. Eighteen Santa Ines sheep (averaging live weight of 20 kg and six months old) were full fed diets with 2.43, 2.66 and 2.88 Mcal of metabolizable energy (ME)/kg of dry matter (DM). The animals were slaughtered when reached 33 kg live weight (LW). A randomized block design, with six replicates, was used. Linear decreasing effect was observed for loss in fast (LF) and linear increase for hot (HCW) and cold (CCW) carcass weight, hot (HCD) and cold (CCD) carcass dressing and empty body weight (EBW). However, the loss in cooling (LC) and true dressing (TD) were not affected by the dietary energy levels. For the cuts and its respective dressing in relation to the CCW, no effect was observed for the analyzed variables, except for shoulder weight and superior rib weight, that showed increasing linear effect, as the dietary energy levels increased. The compactness index of the carcass and leg showed no effect, as the dietary energy levels increased. Fat thichness and loin eye area showed no significant effects. No significant effect was observed for the noncarcass constituents, except for the internal fat (IF) and for the content of gastrointestinal tract - CGT and rumen/reticulum - R/R, that showed linear increasing effect and linear decreasing effect, respectively.

Composição corporal e exigências líquidas de proteína e energia para ganho de peso de bovinos F1 Simental x Nelore

Avaliaram-se os efeitos de cinco niveis de concentrado nas racoes sobre a composicao corporal e as exigencias liquidas de proteina e energia para ganho de peso. Vinte e nove bovinos, nao-castrados, F1 Simental x Nelore com, em media, 17 meses de idade e 354 kg PV inicial, foram usados. Cinco animais foram abatidos ao inicio do experimento, como referencia, para estimar o peso de corpo vazio (PCV) inicial e as concentracoes iniciais de gordura, proteina e energia. Os animais restantes foram distribuidos nos tratamentos, de forma inteiramente casualizada, de acordo com o nivel de concentrado nas racoes: 25; 37,5; 50; 62,5; e 75%. Os animais foram alimentados a vontade ate atingirem o peso de abate preestabelecido de 500 kg. Equacoes de regressao foram ajustadas, para cada nivel de concentrado e em conjunto, do logaritmo das quantidades de gordura, proteina ou energia, em relacao ao logaritmo do PCV. Derivando-se as referidas equacoes de regressao, obteve-se a composicao do ganho de PCV. A quantidade de gordura e o conteudo de energia no peso ganho aumentaram, a medida que se elevou o PV do animal. O conteudo corporal de proteina elevou-se com o aumento do PV, mas a concentracao em g/kg de PCV diminuiu. As exigencias liquidas de energia para um animal de 400 kg PCV para 1 kg PCV foram, em media, 3,96 Mcal/dia. As exigencias de energia liquida para ganho em peso aumentaram e as de proteina reduziram, com o aumento do peso corporal.

Características das carcaças, biometria do trato gastrintestinal, tamanho dos órgãos internos e conteúdo gastrintestinal de bovinos F1 Simental x Nelore alimentados com dietas contendo vários níveis de concentrado

The effect of different dietary concentrate levels (25, 37.5, 50, 62.5, and 75%) on the carcass characteristics, gastrointestinal tract weight, internal organ weight and gastrointestinal tract fill was evaluated. Twenty-four F1 Simental x Nellore bulls, with 17 months of age and average live weight of 354 kg, were used. The animals were slaughtered when reached 500 kg of live weight. After cooling, carcasses were qualitative (loin eye area) and quantitatively (measures, yields and prime cuts) evaluated. The carcass and prime cuts dressing, the loin eye area and the muscle and fat contents were not affected by the concentrate levels, while the carcass length linearly decreased as concentrate level increased. The gastrointestinal tract fill linearly decreased as dietary concentrate level increased. There was no effect of concentrate level on the heart, lungs and rumen-reticulum weights. The weights of liver, kidney, spleen, abomasum, small intestine and internal fat increased and the weight of the omasum linearly decreased as dietary concentrate levels increased.

Caracterização da vegetação de Caatinga e da dieta de novilhos no Sertão de Pernambuco

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a composicao botânica, a disponibilidade e a qualidade da forragem e da dieta de animais fistulados alimentados na Caatinga, no periodo chuvoso, em Pernambuco. Avaliaram-se a composicao botânica e a disponibilidade de fitomassa dos estratos herbaceo, arbustivo e arboreo, nos meses de marco e junho. A avaliacao da qualidade da forragem foi feita por meio da analise bromatologica, realizada em todos os meses do periodo chuvoso. Foram encontradas 67 especies, das quais 28 herbaceas, 20 arbustivas e 19 arboreas. Destas, 19 foram encontradas na dieta dos animais. A disponibilidade de fitomassa do componente herbaceo variou de 1.369 kg ha-1 de materia seca (MS), em marco, para 452 kg ha-1 de MS em junho. A disponibilidade do estrato arbustivo aproximou-se do herbaceo, enquanto o componente arboreo contribuiu com apenas 178 kg ha-1 de MS. Apesar de a disponibilidade de fitomassa ser relativamente alta, apenas uma pequena porcentagem do material encontrado pode ser considerada como forragem. Foi observada baixa digestibilidade da proteina, provavelmente em consequencia do alto teor em lignina.

Palma forrageira em substituição ao feno de capim-elefante: efeito sobre consumo, digestibilidade e características de fermentação ruminal em ovinos

Este experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da substituicao do feno de capim-elefante por palma forrageira (Opuntia ficus indica, Mill), como fonte de forragem, sobre o consumo e a digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes e das caracteristicas ruminais de carneiros. Cinco dietas isoproteicas foram formuladas, em que a palma forrageira substituiu 0, 14, 28, 42 e 56% do feno de capim elefante na dieta. Cinco ovinos machos nao-castrados foram distribuidos em um delineamento em quadrado latino 5 x 5 (cinco periodos, cinco niveis de palma e cinco repeticoes). Cada periodo experimental teve duracao de 13 dias - sete para adaptacao e seis dias para coleta de dados e amostras. Os consumos de MS, MO, EE, PB, CT, CNF e NDT aumentaram linearmente com a substituicao do feno de capim-elefante por palma forrageira na dieta. O consumo de agua diminuiu linearmente e o de FDN apresentou efeito quadratico com a substituicao do feno de capim-elefante por palma forrageira na dieta. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente de EE, PB, CNF e FDN nao foram influenciados, enquanto os de MS, MO e CT aumentaram linearmente com a substituicao do feno de capim-elefante por palma forrageira na dieta. O pH e a concentracao de NH3 ruminal decresceram linearmente com a substituicao do feno de capim-elefante por palma forrageira na dieta. A substituicao do feno de capim-elefante por palma forrageira na dieta melhora a ingestao e o aproveitamento dos nutrientes.

Consumo, conversão alimentar, ganho de peso e características da carcaça de bovinos F1 Simental x Nelore

The effects of different dietary concentrate levels on the intakes of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), ether extract (EE), total carbohydrates (TC), total digestible nutrients (TDN), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na) and potassium (K) were evaluated. The live weight (LWG) and the empty body gains (EBG), feed:gain ratio (F:G), carcass gain (CG) and the carcass productivity in relation to live weight (LWCP) and to empty body weight (EBW) were also evaluated. Twenty nine F1 Simental x Nelore bulls, averaging 17 months of age and initial live weight of 354 kg, were used. In the beginning of the experiment, five animals were slaughtered, as reference, to estimate the initial empty body weight (IVBW). The remaining animals were allotted to a completely randomized design according to the concentrate level in the diets: 25, 37.5, 50, 62.5, and 75%. Animals were fed full until a pre-established slaughter weight of 500 kg. As forage, the coast-cross (Cynodon dactylon) and brachiaria (Brachiaria decumbens) hays were used. The intakes of DM, CP, EE and TDN increased while that of NDF reduced linearly with the concentrate increase in the diets. The intakes of P, Mg and K were influenced linearly and that of Ca on a quadratic way by the dietary concentrate levels. LWG, VBG and CG increased and FC decreased linearly as a function of the dietary concentrate levels, whereas LWCP and VBCP were not affected by the dietary concentrate levels. The animal performance was improved with the use of higher concentrate contents in the diets

Substituição parcial do farelo de soja por uréia e palma forrageira (Opuntia fícus indica Mill) em dietas para vacas em lactação: I. Desempenho

The work was carried out to evaluate the partial replacement of soybean meal by urea and forage cactus on the performance of lactating dairy Holstein. Eight cows with 90 days in milk and 600 kg of initial average LW, were assigned in a two 4 X4 latin square design. The urea represented 0.0, 0.8, 1.54 and 2.40% of dry matter (DM) of the diets, correspondent to 2.32, 4.65, 6.66 and 8.02% of crude protein (CP) levels in the form of non protein nitrogen compounds (NPN), that represented the experimental treatments. There was a quadratics effect of levels of NPN on the intake of CP, with maximum intake of 3.3 kg/day with 4.71 % of NPN. The calcium (Ca) intake increased, and dray matter (DM); organic matter (OM), ether extract (EE), total carbohydrates (TCH), non fibercarbohydrates (NFC), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) intakes decreased linearly. The intakes of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and Phosphorus (P) was not affected by NPN levels. The milk production and fat corrected milk (3,5%) decresed linearly as levels of urea and forage cactus increased. The yield of fat, protein, milk composition and feed:eficiency ration was not affected by NPN levels.

Níveis de energia em dietas para ovinos Santa Inês: digestibilidade aparente

The coefficients of apparent digestibility of dry matter (CADDM), organic matter (CADOM), crude protein (CADCP), ether extract (CADEE), total carbohydrates (CADTCHO), nonfiber carbohydrates (CADNFC), neutral detergent fiber (CADNDF) and acid detergent fiber (CADADF) were determined to evaluate the effect of the increasing dietary energy levels. The estimate of the apparent digestibility of the nutrients, using the method of fecal total collection, and the estimate of fecal dry matter production (FDMP), by the indigestible acid detergent fiber (IADF), as internal marker, were also compared. Eighteen Santa Ines sheep (averaging live weight of 20 kg and six months old) were full fed diets with 2.42; 2.66 and 2.83 Mcal metabolizable energy/kg of dry matter and allotted to a randomized block design, with six replicates. FDMP estimate, using IADF, was performed to be compared with the FDMP, determined by the total feces collection. It was observed increasing linear effect for CADDM, CADOM, CADEE, CADTCHO and CADNFC, as the the dietary energy levels increased. However, CADNDF and CADADF decreased linearly and, for CADCP, there was no effect, as the the dietary energy levels increased. IADF can be used as internal marker to estimate the coefficient of apparent digestibility in sheep.

Digestibilidade e absorção aparentes em vacas da raça holandesa alimentadas com palma forrageira (Opuntia ficus-indica mill) em substituição à silagem de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor (L.) moench)

It was evaluated the effect of four levels forage cactus in replacement of sorghum silage, in diets of lactating Holstein cows, on the apparent digestibility of dry matter (ADDM), organic matter (ADOM), crude protein (ADCP), ether extract (ADEE), neutral detergent fiber (ADNDF) and acid (ADADF), total carbohydrates (ADTCH) and nonfiber carbohydrates (ADNFC), content of total digestible nutrients (TDN) and apparent absorption of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and sodium (Na). Eight Holstein cows averaging 590 kg and producing 27 kg of milk/day were used in a 4x4 Latin square design with four animals, four periods and four levels of forage cactus inclusion. All nutrients apparent digestibility showed significant quadratic response with increasing cactus in diets. Significant quadratic responses of apparent digestibility would likely attributed to increase in amounts NFC, decrease NDF and ADF in diets. The apparent absorption for Ca, P and Na also showed significant quadratic response. However, K had linear increase. The Ca:P ratio that provided better apparent absorption for the two mineral elements was 1.9:1.

Efeito do Nível de Concentrado sobre o Peso dos Órgãos Internos e do Conteúdo Gastrintestinal de Bovinos Nelore Não-Castrados 1

The effect of five dietary concentrate levels on the gastrintestinal contents and internal organs weight of Nellore bulls was evaluated. Twenty-five animals averaging 330 kg and 20 months of age were allotted to a completely randomized design, with five treatments constituted by different dietary concentrate levels in dry matter (25.0, 37.5, 50.0, 62.5, and 75.0%). The animals, when reached the pre-established slaughter weight of 450 kg, were slaughtered and the organs and viscera weights were recorded. Regression equations were fitted to determine the effect of dietary concentrate inclusion on each organ weight and, or, viscera. The absolute and relative weights of gastrintestinal tract content linearly decreased, while the liver, kidneys and spleen weights linearly increased, in function of concentrate levels in the diets. The reticulum-rumen weights were quadractily influenced by the concentrate levels, with minimum values estimated in 6.45 kg and 1,60 kg/100 kg empty body, for the levels of 51.72 and 55.51% of concentrate in the diets, in relation to the absolute and relative weights, respectively. The internal fat content linearly increased as dietary concentrate increased.