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Featured researches published by Kathryn A. Hull.


Anesthesia & Analgesia | 1993

Effects of alfentanil on the hemodynamic and catecholamine response to tracheal intubation

Donald R. Miller; Raymond Martineau; O'Brien H; Kathryn A. Hull; Oliveras L; Hindmarsh T; Greenway D

A randomized, placebo-controlled study was conducted in 60 ASA Class I, II, and III patients to determine the dose response of alfentanil in moderating the cardiovascular and catecholamine response to tracheal intubation (INT). Patients were randomly allocated into one of four groups to receive either 15 μg/kg alfentanil (A15), 30 μg/kg alfentanil (A30), 45 μg/kg alfentanil (A45), or normal saline (control), given intravenously (IV) before induction of anesthesia. One minute after administration of 4.0 mg/kg thiopental and 1.5 mg/kg succinylcholine IV, tracheal intubation was performed using direct laryngoscopy. In response to INT, increases in heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and systemic vascular resistance occurred in the control group. These changes were significantly more than corresponding changes of heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and systemic vascular resistance in all three alfentanil groups (P < 0.05). In contrast, cardiac index and ejection fraction decreased moderately in every group during the study period, but there were no differences among groups with respect to either cardiac index or ejection fraction at corresponding times following INT. In the control group, epinephrine and nor-epinephrine serum concentrations increased by 152 ± 52% and 58 ± 62%, respectively, following INT (different from A30 and A45, P < 0.05). However, up to a dose of 30 μg/kg (A30), a dose-dependent decrease in the maximum percent changes of both epinephrine and norepinephrine occurred in response to INT. A larger dose of alfentanil was no more efficacious as the catecholamine response to tracheal intubation was not significantly different when comparing the A45 and A30 groups. It is concluded that 30 μg/kg is the optimal dose of alfentanil for providing complete attenuation of the cardiovascular and catecholamine response to tracheal intubation.


Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia-journal Canadien D Anesthesie | 1997

Treatment of intrathecal morphine-induced pruritus following Caesarean section

Jamal A. Alhashemi; Edward T. Crosby; Wlodzimierz Grodecki; Peter J. Duffy; Kathryn A. Hull; Cathy Gallant

PurposeTo compare both the efficacy and cost of nalbuphine and diphenhydramine in the treatment of intrathecal morphine-induced pruritus following Caesarean section.MethodsEighty patients, undergoing elective Caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia, were randomized, in a prospective, double-blind trial, to receive either nalbuphine (Group NAL) or diphenhydramine (Group DIP) for the treatment of SAB morphine-induced pruritus. All patients received an intrathecal injection of 10–12 mg hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.75% and 200 μg preservative free morphine. Postoperative pruritus was assessed, using a visual analogue scale (VAS), for 24 hr. Pruritus treatment was administered upon patient request and by a nurse blinded to the treatment given. Patients who failed to respond to three doses of the study drug were deemed treatment failures. Patient satisfaction was assessed with a questionnaire given 24 to 48 hr after surgery. Direct drug costs were calculated based on the pharmacy provision costs as of April 1996.ResultsEighty patients were enrolled and 45 requested treatment for pruritus. Patients treated with NAL (n = 24) were more likely to achieve a VAS score of zero with treatment (83% vs 43%, P < 0.01), had a higher ΔVAS following treatment (4 ± 2 vs 2 ± 2, P < 0.003), and experienced fewer treatment failures (4% vs 29%, P < 0.04), than those treated with DIP (n = 21). Group NAL patients were also more likely to rate their pruritus treatment as being good to excellent (96% vs 57%, P < 0.004). Direct drug costs were higher for NAL than for DIP (


Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia-journal Canadien D Anesthesie | 1992

A comparison of transcutaneous, end-tidal and arterial measurements of carbon dioxide during general anaesthesia

Craig W. Reid; Raymond J. Martineau; Donald R. Miller; Kathryn A. Hull; John Baines; Sullivan Pj

6.4 ± 3.1 vs


Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia-journal Canadien D Anesthesie | 1994

A comparison of lumbar epidural and intravenous fentanyl infusions for post- thoracotomy analgesia

Alan D. Baxter; Sylvie Laganière; Benoit Samson; John Stewart; Kathryn A. Hull; Lynne Goernert

1.7 ± 0.7, respectively, P < 0.0001).ConclusionNalbuphine is more effective than diphenhydramine in relieving pruritus caused by intrathecal morphine and the cost differences are small.RésuméObjectifComparer l’efficacité et le coût de la nalbuphine avec ceux de la diphenhydramine administrée après la césarienne comme traitement du prurit provoqué par la morphine sous-arachnoïdienne.MéthodesDans cette étude prospective en double aveugle, 80 parturientes opérées pour une césarienne non urgente sous rachianesthésie ont été réparties au hasard pour recevoir comme traitement du prurit provoqué par la morphine soit de la nalbuphine (groupe NAL), soit de la diphenhydramine (groupe DIP). Toutes les patientes ont reçu une injection sous-arachnoïdienne de 10–12 mg de bupivacaïne 0,75% hyperbare avec 200 μg de morphine sans préservatif. Une échelle visuelle analogique (ÉVA) a servi à évaluer l’intensité du prurit postopératoire pendant 24 h. Le traitement antiprurigineux a été administré à la demande de la patiente et par une infirmière ignorant la nature du traitement. On considérait le traitement comme un échec en l’absence de réponse àtrois doses de la drogue étudiée. La satisfaction de la patiente était évaluée avec un questionnaire administré 24 à 48 h après la chirurgie. Les coûts d’approvisionnement de la pharmacie en avril 1996 représentaient les coûts directs des produits utilisés.RésultatsQuarante-cinq des 80 participantes à l’étude ont demandé un traitement antiprurigineux. Les patientes traitées avec NAL (n=24) avaient plus de chance d’obtenir la cote zéro sur l’ÉVA (83% vs 43%, P < 0,01), avaient un ΔÉVA plus élevé après traitement (4 ± 2 vs 2 ± 2, P < 0,003) et ont subi moins d’échecs thérapeutiques (4% vs 29%, P < 0,04) que celles du groupe DIP (n = 21). Le groupe NAL avait une plus forte tendance à juger le traitement antiprurigineux de bon à excellent (96% vs 57%, P < 0,004). Les coûts directs étaient plus élevés pour NAL que pour DIP (6,4


Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia-journal Canadien D Anesthesie | 1994

Evaluation of cost minimization strategies of anaesthetic drugs in a tertiary care hospital

Christopher Hawkes; Donald R. Miller; Raymond J. Martineau; Kathryn A. Hull; Harry S. Hopkins; Michael Tiemey

± 3,1 vs 1,7


Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia-journal Canadien D Anesthesie | 1996

Midazolam and awareness with recall during total intravenous anaesthesia

Donald R. Miller; Philip G. Blew; Raymond Martineau; Kathryn A. Hull

± 0,7, P < 0,0001).ConclusionLa nalbuphine soulage plus efficacement le prurit provoqué par la morphine sous-arachnoïdienne que la diphenhydramine et la différence des coûts est minime.


Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia-journal Canadien D Anesthesie | 1997

Cost-effectiveness of inhalational, balanced and total intravenous anaesthesia for ambulatory knee surgery.

Jamal A. Alhashemi; Donald R. Miller; Heather V. OBrien; Kathryn A. Hull

A randomized, prospective study was performed to evaluate the accuracy of a new transcutaneous carbon dioxide (CO2) monitor (Fastrac™) during general anaesthesia. Twenty-two adult patients undergoing elective surgery were subjected to three different levels of minute ventilation by varying their respiratory rates in a randomized cross-over design. Simultaneous measurements of transcutaneous CO2 (PrcCO2) and arterial CO2 (PaCO2) were obtained at three levels of minute ventilation (low, medium and high). End-tidal CO2 (PetCO2) values were also recorded from a mass spectrometer (SARA™) at each time period. A total of 66 data sets with PaCO2 ranging from 28–62 mmHg were analyzed. The PrcCO2 values demonstrated a high degree of correlation with PaCO2 over the range of minute ventilation (y = 0.904x + 6.36, r = 0.92, P < 0.001). ThePetCO2 measurement also demonstrated a generally good correlation with PaCO2 (y = 0.62x + 9.21, r = 0.89, and P < 0.01). However, thePetCO2-PaCO2 gradients (mean 7.0 ±3.1 mmHg) were greater than the PtcCO2-PaCO2 gradients (mean 2.3 ±2.4 mmHg) at all three levels of minute ventilation (P < 0.05). These differences were greatest when PaCO2 was in the high range (48–60 mmHg). We conclude that the new Fastrac™ CO2 monitor is accurate for monitoring carbon dioxide levels during general anaesthesia. The new transcutaneous devices provide an effective method for non-invasive monitoring of CO2 in situations where continuous, precise control of CO2 levels is desired.RésuméUne étude prospective randomisée fut entreprise afin d’évaluer durant l’anesthésie générale un nouveau moniteur transcutané de CO2 (Fastrac™). Vingt-deux patients adultes subissant une chirurgie élective ont subi trois différents niveaux de ventilation minute en variant la fréquence d’une façon randomisée avec entrecroisage. Les mesures simultanées de la CO2 transcutanée (PtcCO2) et la CO2 artérielle (PaCO2) furent obtenues à trois niveaux de ventilation minute (bas, moyen et élevé). Les valeurs de la CO2 enfin d’expiration (PetCO2) furent aussi enregistrées par un spectromètre de masse (SARA™) à chaque période. Un total de 66 ensembles de données avec des PaCO2 variant de 28–62 mmHg furent analysées. Les valeurs de PrcCO2 ont démontré un haut degré de corrélation avec la PaCO2 pour ces valeurs de ventilation minute (y = 0,904x + 6,36, r = 0,92, P < 0,001). Les mesures de laPetCO2 ont aussi démontré une bonne corrélation avec la PaCO2 (y = 0,62x + 9,21, r = 0,89, et P < 0,01). Cependant, les gradients dePetCO2-PaCO2 (moyenne 7,0 ±3,1 mmHg) furent plus grands que les gradients de PrcCO2-PaCO2 (moyenne 2,3 ±2,4 mmHg) aux trois valeurs de ventilation minute étudiées (P < 0,05). Ces différences étaient plus élevées quand la PaCO2 était maintenue à des niveaux élevés (48–60 mmHg). On conclut que le nouveau moniteur de CO2 Fastrac™ est précis pour la surveillance du niveau du CO2 durant l’anesthésie générale. Ces nouveaux appareils transcutanés fournissent une méthode efficace pour la surveillance non-invasive de la CO2 dans des situations où un contrôle continu et précis du niveau de CO2 est désiré.


Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia-journal Canadien D Anesthesie | 1990

Alfentanil controls the haemodynamic response during rapidsequence induction of anaesthesia

Raymond Martineau; Claude Tousignant; Donald R. Miller; Kathryn A. Hull

This double-blind randomised study compared the analgesic efficacy, respiratory effects, side effects, and pharmacokinetic disposition of 24 hr lumbar epidural and intravenous infusions of the same dosage regimen of fentanyl (1.5 μg · kg−1 bolus then 1 μg · kg−1 · hr−1 infusion) in 50 patients after thoracotomy. Patients received either epidural fentanyl and intravenous normal saline, or epidural normal saline and intravenous fentanyl, for postoperative analgesia, after a standard low-dose alfentanil and isoflurane general anaesthetic. Visual analogue pain scores were lower in the epidural group (P < 0.05) only at two hours postoperatively, and there was no difference in the amount of supplementary morphine self-administered by patient-controlled analgesic pump. A mainly spinal analgesic effect probably occurred in the first few hours since fentanyl was not detectable in the plasma of patients in the epidural group until two hours after bolus injection; its concentration was less at that time than after intravenous injection (P < 0.05). Thereafter there was no difference in the plasma concentration profiles between the two groups. Seven patients in the epidural group and ten patients in the intravenous group received naloxone for PaCO2 > 50 mmHg, and one patient in the intravenous group had the infusions stopped because of PaCO2 elevation and somnolence. In patients who did not receive naloxone, the epidural route produced better analgesia throughout the study period (P < 0.01). Indices of respiratory centre function (apnoeas > 15 sec, slow respiratory rate < 10 min−1, oxyhaemoglobin desaturation < 90% and PaCO2) spirometric measures of pulmonary function, haemodynamic variables, morbidity, and other side effects, were similar in both groups, irrespective of naloxone therapy. Patients who had no respiratory depression and did not require naloxone had better analgesia with epidural fentanyl. However, this advantage did not result in better pulmonary function.RésuméCette étude randomisée et à double aveugle compare pendant 24 h l’efficacité analgésique, les effets respiratoires, les effets secondaires et la disposition pharmacocinétique d’une épidurale lombaire avec la perfusion iv de doses identiques de fentanyl (bolus de 1,5 μg · kg−1 suivi d’une perfusion de 1 μg · kg−1· h−1) chez 50 thoracotomisés. Après une anesthésie standardisée à l’isoflurane avec de faibles doses de sufentanil, les patients reçoivent pour l’analgésie postopératoire soit du fentanyl épidural et du soluté physiologique iv, soit du soluté physiologique épidural et du fentanyl iv. Les scores de l’échelle visuelle analogue sont inférieurs pour le groupe épidural (P < 0,05) seulement à la deuxième heure postopératoire. Il n’y a pas de différence pour la quantité de morphine supplémentaire auto-administrée par pousseseringue. Selon toute probabilité, l’effet analgésique des premières heures est surtout d’origine rachidienne étant donné que le fentanyl ne peut être détecté dans le plasma des patients du groupe épidural qu’après deux heures de l’injection en bolus: à ce moment, sa concentration est inférieure à celle qui suit l’injection intraveineuse (P < 0,05). Par la suite, on ne détecte pas de différence de concentrations plasmatiques entre les deux groupes. Sept patients du groupe épidural et dix patients du groupe intraveineux ont reçu du naloxone parce que la PaCO2 était plus élevée que 50 mmHg, et chez un patient du groupe intraveineux on a dû arrêter la perfusion à cause de l’augmentation de la PaCO2 et la somnolence. Chez les patients qui n’ont pas reçu de naloxone, la voie épidurale produit une meilleure analgésie (P < 0,01). Les indices de la fonction du centre respiratoire (apnée > 15 sec, fréquence respiratoire < 10 min−1, désaturation < 90% et PaCO2 élevée), la spirométrie, les variables hémodynamiques, la morbidité et les effets secondaires sont les mêmes dans les deux groupes, indépendamment du traitement à la naloxone. L’analgésie est supérieure chez les patients sans dépression respiratoire et sans naloxone. Cependant cette supériorité ne signifie pas une meilleure fonction respiratoire.


Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia-journal Canadien D Anesthesie | 1992

Cumulation and reversal with prolonged infusions of atracurium and vecuronium

Raymond Martineau; Bernard St.-Jean; John B. Kitts; Michael Curran; Patricia Lindsay; Kathryn A. Hull; Donald R. Miller

A survey was undertaken to compare anaesthetic drug expenditures over a three-year period, to evaluate the impact of strategies offered to curtain continuously rising drug costs. Suggestions to control rising expenditures were based primarily on education of staff and residents regarding drug costs, emphasizing rational use of the more expensive drugs, and minimizing drug wastage. To assess the impact of these measures, a review of annual hospital budgets, global pharmacy expenditures, and anaesthetic drug expenditures was conducted for the period 1991 to 1993. Both absolute and proportional costs of anaesthetic drugs were compared, by year, according to six major classes: opioid analgesics (OA), muscle relaxants (MR), inhalational anaesthetic drugs (INH), intravenous anaesthetic drugs (IV), local anaesthetic drugs (LA) and a category labelled other drugs (OTH). In addition, the utilization patterns and unit price changes were compared for each drug for the periods 1991–92, and 1992–93. Total hospital drug costs increased from


Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia-journal Canadien D Anesthesie | 1991

A dose-response study of nalbuphine for post- thoracotomy epidural analgesia

Alan D. Baxter; Sylvie Laganière; Benoit Samson; I. J. McGilveray; Kathryn A. Hull

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