Loreno Egidio Taffarel

Contagem bacteriana total do leite em diferentes sistemas de ordenha e de resfriamento

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of milking systems and cooling on total bacterial count (TBC), and the amount of milk samples with TBC < 105, which represents high-quality milk. A total of 12,221 records of milk TBC were obtained from a dairy industry in the western region of Parana State, Brazil, from January to October 2006. After the sampling was conducted, the milk quality was analyzed in the laboratory by the method of flow cytometry. The TBC data were classified by milking system, type of coolers and intervals of the TBC, in accordance with Normative Instruction 62, and submitted to the chi-square test for independence. The proportions of milk TBC among types of coolers at each milking system were compared using the calculated statistic Z. A lower TBC value (p < 0.01) was observed in milk obtained from cows milked using a piped system and from bulk cooled milk. The proportion of milk samples evaluated at three levels of TBC cooled by the immersion system did not differ (p = 0.1549) from bulk cooled milk when the milk was obtained from herds milked with a piped system. The best microbiological quality of milk in the western region of Parana was achieved with a piped milking system and bulk cooling.

Microbiological profile and aerobic stability of Tifton 85 bermudagrass silage with different additives

The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological profile and aerobic stability of silage with Tifton 85 bermudagrass and different additives and wilting. The studied treatments were: pre-drying in the sun for two hours before ensiling; use of bacterial-enzymatic inoculant; addition of soybean peel; addition of corn grits and use of salt in the surface layer of the silo. The experimental design was completely randomized with six treatments and four replications. Plants of Tifton 85 bermudagrass with 38 days were ensiled in experimental silos with Bunsen valves, with compacting density of 236 kg silage per m3 for Tifton 85 bermudagrass, which was pre-dried in the sun; the average silage was 294 kg m-3 for the other treatments. The ratios between soybean hulls and corn grits, added to the silage, were calculated based on the initial DM content from Tifton 85 bermudagrass in order to obtain 320 g/kg DM of the material to be ensiled. There was an increase of lactic bacteria and Clostridium as well as an absence of enterobacteria after the silo opening. Fungi developed only in Tifton 85 bermudagrass and its treatments before the ensilage and yeasts developed in silages of Tifton 85 bermudagrass when they received soybean hulls or corn grits after silo opening. There was no breach regarding aerobic stability of silages during the studied period. The pH reached the highest values within 48 hours after opening the silos, but there were variations during this period.

Efeitos residuais da adubação fosfatada sob produtividade e composição bromatológica de forrageiras tropicais

In Brazil today there are large areas of grassland in some stage of degradation due to inadequate handling, particularly with regard to lack of use of phosphate fertilizer. This study aimed to evaluate the productivity and bromatologic composition of three species of tropical forages under the residual effect of phosphorus fertilization. The randomized block design was applied in a 3x5x2 factorial scheme with three forages (Panicum maximum cvs. Tanzania and Mombaca and Brachiaria sp. cv. Mulato), five P rates (0, 40, 80, 120 and 240 kg ha-1), and two cuts (October and November of 2007) with three replicates. The deployment of pasture was held in September 2005, and the area remained under constant grazing and management, with regular cleaning and mowing for two years. In October and November of 2007, the following parameters were evaluated - fresh matter yield (FM), dry matter yield (DM) and contents of crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), hemicellulose (HEM) and mineral matter (MM). Phosphorus fertilization until the maximum dose of 240 kg ha-1 did not promote residual effect on yield and chemical composition of Tanzania, Mombaca and Mulato grasses after two years of application in oxisol, with P fertilizer higher than 4.2 mg dm3, whose averages for the accumulation of DM and CP, NDF and ADF were 9.7 Mg ha-1, 11.8%, 77.8% and 41.3%, respectively.

Avaliação do crescimento de cordeiros alimentados com permeado de soro de leite em pó

The present work aimed to establish the biometric measures and the pre-slaughter weight, conversion and food efficiency of sheep fed with whey powder permeate. In order to do so, 24 male sheep, of Santa Ines breed, with a 20 kg body weight, fed with growing levels of whey powder permeate (0%, 5%, 10% and 15%), replacing ground maize in the concentrate. When reaching 30 kg of live weight, the animals were weighed to establish the live weight in the origin and the live weight at slaughter, and to get the morpho-structural measures. The analysis of regression was used for study the replacement levels, when significant differences were detected in the analysis of variance. The initial biometric measures did not differ among the animals which can help inferring that they all belong to a homogeneous group and do not characterize a variation source. There was no effect of the replacement of ground maize of the whey powder permeate diet on the development and the bioemtric measures of sheep. The inclusion of up to 15% of whey powder permeate to substitute maize, in diets for sheep in termination, does not harm the animals growth.

Produção de matéria seca e valor nutritivo do feno do tifton 85 adubado com nitrogênio e colhido com 35 dias

Objetivou-se avaliar as etapas de producao de feno de capim Tifton 85 adubado com cinco doses de nitrogenio apos cada corte sob a forma de ureia em cobertura. A desidratacao da primeira colheita ocorreu durante seis dias em galpao, em funcao das condicoes climaticas, e a desidratacao da segunda colheita ocorreu a campo durante dois dias. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas no tempo, sendo as parcelas (5 m x 3 m) as doses de nitrogenio (0; 25; 50; 75 e 100 kg ha-1 colheita-1) e as subparcelas as etapas de producao de feno (corte, enfardamento e armazenamento). O nitrogenio aumentou a altura e producao de materia seca por hectare, os teores de proteina bruta (PB) e de proteina insoluvel em detergente acido (PIDA) e neutro (PIDN). A secagem em galpao durante seis dias foi insuficiente para que a forragem atingisse 850 g kg-1 de MS no momento de enfardar. Entre a etapa de corte e 30 dias de armazenamento, o feno desidratado em galpao aumentou os teores de fibra em detergente neutro, de fibra em detergente de acido, a PIDA, PIDN e a lignina e ocorreu um decrescimo de 18,9% nos teores de PB. Ocorreu reducao da digestibilidade in vitro da materia seca (DIVMS) em 32,72% entre a etapa de corte e 30 dias de armazenamento para o feno seco em galpao, enquanto que nao houve alteracao significativa na DIVMS e PB para o feno seco em dois dias a campo. Palavras-chave: Cynodon spp. Fenacao. Qualidade de volumosos.

Dehydration curve, fungi and mycotoxins in Tifton 85 hay dehydrated in the field and in shed

The objective of this study was to estimate the dehydration curve and occurrence of fungi and mycotoxins in Tifton 85 hay. The experimental design was randomized blocks in split plots with four replications and five levels of nitrogen (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 kg ha-1) in the form of urea, two regrowth ages (28 and 35 days) and drying hay in the sun and in shed. After harvesting, the grass was sampled four times (0, 8, 23 and 32 hours) to dry in the sun and twelve times (0, 3, 18, 27, 42, 51, 66, 75, 90, 99, 114 and 123 hours) for drying in shed, turned over daily. The fungi were identified after seeding and growth in three steps of haymaking (cutting, baling and after 30 days of storage). To verify the presence of mycotoxins, 20 samples, composed of hay stored for 30 days, were collected, of which 10 samples were from sun-dried hay and 10 from hay dried in shed. It took 32 hours to produce hay at field conditions, with water loss rates up to 6.10 g g-1 DM-h during the first 8 hours after cutting. The average loss of water in this period was 2.0 g g-1 DM-h. Hays dried in the shed took 123 hours and the dehydration rates were less than 0.5 g g-1 DM-h due to environmental conditions. There was a predominance of three genera of fungi: Fusarium, Penicillium and Aspergillus. The largest population was the Fusarium, followed by Penicillium, at the steps of baling and storage. The fumonisin mycotoxin was found at a higher concentration and there was no difference in fumonisin concentration in the hay dried in the sun and in shed. Although it brings no hazard to animal health, the production of aflatoxin and zearalenone was significantly higher in the samples of sun-dried hay.