Elcio Silvério Klosowski

Avaliação de desempenho de métodos para estimativas de evapotranspiração de referência para a região de Palotina, Estado do Paraná

The aim of this study was to compare the efficiency of three estimate methods for reference evapotranspiration in comparison with the FAO Penman-Monteith equation. Meteorological data used in this study were collected from the IAPAR meteorological station, located in Palotina, Parana State , Brazil. In order to estimate the reference evapotranspiration, data available from 1994 to 2003 were used. The performance of the Thornthwaite, Camargo and Hargreaves-Samani methods were compared to the FAO Penman-Monteith equation. The average of daily reference evapotranspiration ranged from 2.58 to 3.62 mm day-1. The results indicated that the evaluated methods showed good adjustment when compared to the FAO Penman-Monteith method, according to the daily scale. The correlation coefficient (r) ranged from 0.85 to 0.86. The coefficient of accuracy or agreement (d) presented values that ranged from 0.82 to 0.85. In comparison to the FAO Penman-Monteith method, the Hargreaves-Samani, Thornthwaite and Camargo methods demonstrated good performance, when evaluated by the index (c).

Conforto térmico de bovinos da raça nelore a pasto sob diferentes condições de sombreamento e a pleno sol

Principalmente em regioes de clima quente, a producao bovina sob condicoes de pasto pode ser melhorada com o uso de sombra natural para minimizar o estresse por calor. Desse modo, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito do estresse termico por meio de indices de conforto termico na producao bovina sob diferentes condicoes de sombreamento natural. Este estudo foi conduzido na regiao oeste do Estado do Parana, no periodo de janeiro a fevereiro de 2007. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com tres tratamentos constituidos de arvores formando pequenos bosques, arvores isoladas e condicao nao sombreada. A cada um desses tratamentos foi submetido um grupo de dez animais da raca Nelore (repeticoes). Os valores diarios de velocidade do vento, temperatura de globo negro, temperatura de bulbo seco e temperatura de bulbo molhado foram registrados a cada tres horas a partir de 9 as 18 h. A temperatura da superficie corporal animal foi registrada com a mesma frequencia. Para cada tratamento, com base nessas medidas, foram calculados o indice de temperatura e umidade (ITU), indice de temperatura de globo e umidade (ITGU) e a carga termica de radiacao (CTR). Os valores de ITU variaram de 70 a 87, os de ITGU entre 73 e 93 e os de CTR entre 450 e 672 W m-2. O ambiente que proveu melhores condicoes termicas para os animais foi constituido por pequenos bosques de arvores de Guajuvira.

Custo energético de construção de uma instalação para armazenagem de feno

The study objective was to estimate the energy involved in the construction of the structure to store hay bales in a animal production system. Data on energy coefficients published by Fundacao Centro Tecnologico de Minas Gerais was used. The value of 587.09 MJ.m-2 was obtained, which is thoroughly different from those observed in the literature. In the total spent energy in the construction of the installation, the items walls, roof structure, floor and foundations represented 50.35, 27.71, 18.72 and 3.22%, respectively. Considering the whole alfalfa and coast-cross hay production system, the installation contributed with only 0.14 and 0.16% of the annual energy cost composition of these crops, respectively.

Balanço energético na produção de feno de alfafa em sistema intensivo de produção de leite

The aim of this work was to evaluate the energy balance in the alfalfa hay production based on seven years data from an Intensive System of Milk Production, located in the region of Coronel Pacheco/MG Brazil. To create the energy matrix determination, the categories of direct and indirect energy were considered. The energy occurred in the implanting and establishing of the crop were distributed along the years considered as useful life. The direct energy, relative to the inputs, had larger participation than the indirect one, being the percentiles found of 93.05 and 6.95, respectively. The main consumer of indirect energy was the tractor, which turns on all the implements, followed by the irrigation system. The estimated energy efficiency by the process was of 3.19. Most of the direct energy used was derived from fossil resources, in the form of fuel (diesel). The use of organic fertilizer, poultry litter, promoted a relative reduction in the consumption of energy originated from fertilizer derived from fossil resources. With the obtained results, it was concluded that, despite the several sources of energy consumption, the production of alfalfa hay is sustainable and efficient in the energy conversion.

Temperatura da água em bebedouros utilizados em instalações para aves de postura

Animals water consumption and productivity are influenced by the drinking water temperature. However, there is a lack of information comparing water temperature in nipple and continuous drinker systems, commonly employed in Brazilian layer hens housing. In this research, drinking water temperature variation was evaluated considering two waterier systems: nipple and continuous. The trial was conduced in a laying hens commercial housing, located in the West region of Parana State, Brazil. For the water temperature recording, thermometers were placed inside the water in the nipple and the continuous drinker systems, in two similar buildings, from 8:00 AM to 6:00 PM. The BGHI (black globe humidity index) was estimated using the obtained data from black globe thermometers placed near the place where water temperature was recorded, in the central area of the building. The highest water temperature values were observed in the nipple system, that reached 31 oC at 4:00 PM (average values), while in the continuous system it reached 26.4 oC. A relation between water temperature and environmental BGHI values was calculated. The highest correlation coefficient was found for the nipple system. Without considering the sanitary aspect for the conditions in which the work was developed, it can be concluded that the best system is the continuous waterier, in terms of drinking water temperature.

Caracterização do microambiente em secção transversal de um galpão do tipo "free-stall" orientado na direção norte-sul

This work aimed to characterize the microclimatic conditions of the stalls of a free-stall model confinement building for dairy cattle in the transversal direction of the installation. Free-stall building was oriented to north-south direction, located in Marechal Cândido Rondon, west of Parana State -Brazil, with a capacity of 40 dairy cows (40 stalls). In order to determine the Black-Globe-Humidity Index (BGHI) and Radiant Heat Load (RHL), four black globes were installed in the center of stalls disposed in the transversal direction, disposing two globes in the west side and two globes in the east side (separated by the feed alley). At the building sidelong, east side, there was a four meter distant vegetation, that promoted shading in the first hours of the day. With the obtained results, it can be found that, in the first hours of the day there is no significant difference between the results of BGHI and RHL, indicating that the vegetation shading was able to relieve the solar radiation effects. At 17:30 p.m. it was verified the incidence of BGHI and RHL larger values in the stalls located at the free-stall west side.

Produção e qualidade de três tipos de melão, variando o número de frutos por planta

O melao (Cucumis melo L.) tem grande importância para a economia nacional, fazendo-se necessario o conhecimento sobre as praticas de manejo adequadas, de modo a facilitar a conducao de sua cultura, sem comprometer a produtividade e a qualidade dos frutos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade fisico-quimica e a produtividade de tres tipos de melao, conduzidos com um e dois frutos por planta. O experimento foi realizado de setembro a dezembro de 2013, no Setor de Cultivo Protegido, da Unioeste, Campus de Marechal Cândido Rondon. O delineamento adotado foi o de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 3 x 2, com seis repeticoes. No primeiro fator, foram alocados os tipos de melao (Amarelo, Rendilhado e Pele de Sapo) e, no segundo, o numero de frutos (um e dois frutos por planta). Os frutos foram avaliados quanto a massa media, aos diâmetros transversal e longitudinal do fruto e do loculo, a espessura da polpa, ao indice de formato do fruto e do loculo, aos solidos soluveis, ao pH, a acidez titulavel, a firmeza, a ratio e a produtividade. Frutos obtidos de plantas conduzidas com um e dois frutos apresentam maior massa media e maior produtividade, respectivamente. Meloes do tipo pele de sapo apresentaram maior massa media de fruto e maior produtividade. A ratio foi influenciada pelo numero de frutos mantidos por planta, para melao do tipo amarelo. Melao do tipo rendilhado apresentou reducao de acidez, em comparacao com a dos demais tipos, independentemente do numero de frutos por planta. A maior espessura da polpa foi encontrada em frutos de plantas conduzidas com um fruto por planta. Os indices de formato do fruto e do loculo nao foram influenciados pelo numero de frutos por planta. Independentemente do numero de frutos e do tipo de melao, o teor de solidos soluveis foi superior ao minimo recomendado para comercializacao.

Bioacumulação de metais pesados e nutrientes no mexilhão dourado do reservatório da Usina Hidrelétrica de Itaipu Binacional

This study aims to evaluate the bioaccumulation of macronutrients and heavy metals in the golden mussel according to its collection site and seasonality in the aquaculture area of the reservoir from April/2009 to March/2010. There is no difference (p > 0.05) in the concentration of metals with respect to the point of collection. The concentrations of Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd and Pb were higher (p < 0.05) in spring and summer than in fall and winter. Values of the heavy-metal pollution index (MPI) for collection point and seasonality indicate environmental contamination in the aquaculture area.

Nitrogen fertilization by deep-bedding swine production and its effects on the properties of a Quartzarenic Neosol

Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar os efeitos da adubacao nitrogenada na forma de cama sobreposta de suino sobre os atributos de um Neossolo Quartzarenico. O composto orgânico utilizado foi a cama sobreposta, feita com casca-de-arroz, proveniente de uma granja comercial de suinos em sistema de terminacao. As amostras de cama sobreposta foram retiradas em varios pontos da instalacao, visando a obter-se amostra composta representativa, apos o que foi fracionada em peneira de 2,0 mm e submetida a uma compostagem adicional de 50 dias. Na sequencia, foram realizadas analises de valor agronomico. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado. Os tratamentos constituiram-se das dosagens de 0; 75; 150 e 300 mg dm-3 de N na forma de cama sobreposta, bem como um tratamento adicional com sulfato de amonio na dose de 150 mg dm-3 de N. O periodo experimental em casa de vegetacao foi de 45 dias, onde se cultivou o solo com milho. Finalizado o experimento, procedeu-se a nova analise dos atributos do solo. Pelos resultados obtidos, notou-se que a adubacao orgânica com cama sobreposta proporcionou aumentos significativos nos teores de potassio, na soma de bases, na CTC efetiva, na CTC a pH 7,0 e na porcentagem de saturacao por bases.

Analysis of the environmental adequacy and management of dejections on swine buildings in farms in the west region of the State of Paraná, Southern Brazil

The swine dejections are polluting residues that harm the environment, in special the water quality and the development of fish and other aquatic organisms. The objective of this work was to verify the profile of the swine raise, analysis of the adequacy of the installations, the systems of the dejection handling, as well as the adequacy to the environmental legislation of the agricultural properties located in the microatchment of Ajuricaba stream, selected and located in the hydrographical basin of the Sao Francisco Verdadeiro River, in the western region of Parana. The results presented in this work mention ten properties of 110 analyzed. The profile of the swine raise is of 80% of the swine breeder with handling system in termination and 20% in complete cycle; none of the buildings have the thin layer water system; all the installations uses the system of scraping cleanness; the frequency of the cleanness of the bay in the installations is daily; wastefulness of ration in 90% of the evaluated installations was not observed; the main problem of the installations is the access of rain water in the narrow channels and all the properties of the microatchment of the Ajuricaba stream have problems with the clear forest.