Luiz Euquerio de Carvalho

Efeito da inclusão do farelo de coco em rações para poedeiras comerciais

Um experimento (112 dias) foi conduzido para avaliar o efeito da inclusao do farelo de coco (FC) na racao de 240 poedeiras com 43 semanas de idade, distribuidas em cinco tratamentos com oito repeticoes de seis aves por tratamento. Os tratamentos consistiram da inclusao de FC (0, 5, 10, 15 e 20%) em dietas isoproteicas (16,5% PB) e isocaloricas (2.800 kcal EM/kg). Consumo de racao (g/ave/dia), porcentagem de postura (%), peso do ovo (g), massa de ovo (g/ave/dia), conversao alimentar (kg de racao/kg de ovo) e cor da gema (leque colorimetrico da Roche) foram avaliados. O aumento do nivel de FC na racao de 5 a 20% reduziu o consumo de racao, porem, apenas o nivel de 20% foi significativamente menor que o controle. A producao de ovos e a massa de ovos diminuiram com o aumento do FC, mas esses resultados nao diferiram daqueles obtidos com o nivel zero de inclusao. A cor da gema diminuiu linearmente com a inclusao do FC e apresentou cor menos amarela que a dos ovos do grupo controle. Conclui-se que, em racoes de poedeiras, o FC pode ser incluido em niveis de ate 15%, desde que seja utilizada uma fonte de pigmentos.

Glutamine and glutamate supplementation raise milk glutamine concentrations in lactating gilts

Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in milk, and lactation is associated with increased glutamine utilization both for milk synthesis and as a fuel for the enlarged small intestine. A number of recent studies have indicated that lactation is accompanied by a mild catabolic state in which skeletal muscle proteins are degraded to provide amino acids that are used to synthesize additional glutamine. In this study we tested the hypothesis that supplemental L-glutamine or the commercially available glutamine supplement Aminogut (2.5% by weight mixed into daily feed) provided to gilts from 30 days prior to parturition until 21 days post-parturition would prevent a decrease in skeletal muscle glutamine while increasing the glutamine content of the milk. Muscle glutamine content decreased (P < 0.05) in control animals during lactation but this was prevented by supplementation with either L-glutamine or Aminogut. In this study, neither lactation nor supplementation had any effect on plasma glutamine or glutamate content. Free glutamine, and the total glutamine plus glutamate concentrations in milk from the control and the Aminogut group rose (P < 0.05) during the first 7 days of lactation, with milk concentrations in the L-glutamine supplemented group showing a similar trend (P = 0.053). Milk glutamate remained constant between day 7 and 21 of lactation in the control and L-glutamine supplemented groups, but by day 21 of lactation the free glutamine, glutamate, and glutamine plus glutamate concentrations in milk from Aminogut-treated gilts were higher than those of control gilts. Thus dietary glutamine supplementation can alleviate the fall in intramuscular glutamine content during lactation in gilts, and may alleviate some of the catabolic effects of lactation. Furthermore, the increased milk glutamine content in the supplemented gilts may provide optimum nutrition for piglet development.

Utilização de complexo enzimático em dietas à base de sorgo-soja para frangos de corte

The trial was conducted to evaluate the performance and morphologic changes of gastrointestinal tract and economic analysis for broilers fed sorghum-soybean meal-based diets, supplemented or not with multienzymatic complex (xilanase, amylase, protease), in the starting (experiment I) and finishing (experiment II) phases. The experiment was analyzed as a randomized block design with a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement [three sorghum levels (0, 50, and 100%) x enzyme level (0 and 100%)]. The experimental unit was a box with 17 birds and eight replicates per treatment. In the experiment I (1 to 21 days), the sorghum-based diets did not affect feed intake, weight gain, and feed conversion. However, the increase of level sorghum decreased gizzard weight and of enzyme increased jejunum and ileum weights. In the experiment II (22 to 42 days), the sorghum-based diets also did not affect broilers feed intake, weight gain, feed:gain ratio, and relative weights of duodenum, jejunum, ileum and caecum. Increasing enzyme levels decreased significantly carcass yield and increased weights pf proventriculus, gizzard and pancreas. Based on the economic analysis, it is suggested the corn replacement with sorghum of 50% for starting and finishing broilers.

BEEF TALLOW AND EMULSIFIER IN GROWING-FINISHING PIG DIETS

Two trials were aimed to evaluate beef tallow in diets with and without emulsifier on performance of pigs at growing-finishing phases. In the first trial, 15 barrows (22.03±0.62 kg) were distributed among three treatments: reference diet; test diet 1 (5% beef tallow) and test diet 2 (10% beef tallow). Beef tallow presented average value of 7130.97 kcal ME/kg. For the performance trail, 30 barrows (24.85±1.18 kg) were distributed among five treatments: T1 - diet with soybean oil and 3230 kcal ME /kg; T2 - diet with beef tallow and 3230 kcal ME/kg; T3 - diet with beef tallow and 3080 kcal ME/kg; T4 - diet with beef tallow, 3080 kcal/kg and 0.1% emulsifier; T5 - diet with beef tallow, 2930 kcal ME/kg and 0.1% emulsifier. Feed conversion was worse in animals fed diet with 3080 kcal ME/kg containing beef tallow and with 2930 kcal ME/kg with beef tallow and emulsifier. For economic availability, animals fed diet with beef tallow and 3230 kcal ME/kg and those fed diet with 3080 kcal ME/kg containing beef tallow and emulsifier, did not differ from animals fed diet with soybean oil, which enables the reduction up to 150 kcal ME/kg be compensated by emulsifier addition.Two trials were aimed to evaluate beef tallow in diets with and without emulsifier on performance of pigs at growing-finishing phases. In the first trial, 15 barrows (22.03±0.62 kg) were distributed among three treatments: reference diet; test diet 1 (5% beef tallow) and test diet 2 (10% beef tallow). Beef tallow presented average value of 7130.97 kcal ME/kg. For the performance trail, 30 barrows (24.85±1.18 kg) were distributed among five treatments: T1 - diet with soybean oil and 3230 kcal ME /kg; T2 - diet with beef tallow and 3230 kcal ME/kg; T3 - diet with beef tallow and 3080 kcal ME/kg; T4 - diet with beef tallow, 3080 kcal/kg and 0.1% emulsifier; T5 - diet with beef tallow, 2930 kcal ME/kg and 0.1% emulsifier. Feed conversion was worse in animals fed diet with 3080 kcal ME/kg containing beef tallow and with 2930 kcal ME/kg with beef tallow and emulsifier. For economic availability, animals fed diet with beef tallow and 3230 kcal ME/kg and those fed diet with 3080 kcal ME/kg containing beef tallow and emulsifier, did not differ from animals fed diet with soybean oil, which enables the reduction up to 150 kcal ME/kg be compensated by emulsifier addition.

Neutral detergent fibre in piglet diets: digestibility, performance, and deposition of body nutrients

A total 120 piglets with an average live weight of 7.00 kg, weaned at 21 days, were used to evaluate the effect of neutral detergent fibre levels on the digestibility of nutrients and energy from the diets, productive performance, and the composition and rate of deposition of nutrients and energy in the bodies of piglets in the nursery phase. The animals were distributed according to a randomized-block design into five treatments, which consisted of neutral detergent fibre levels, with six replicates and four animals per plot. A quadratic effect was detected for the digestibility coefficients of nutrients and energy, feed intake and weight gain. The increase in fibre level promoted a linear increase in fat content in the carcass, blood, and body, whereas the energy in the carcass, organs, and body showed an inverse response. The results showed a quadratic effect on the nutrient deposition rate in the carcass, organs and body. In conclusion, the best digestibility of nutrients and energy from the diet is obtained with 10-11.5% neutral detergent fibre, as higher weight gain and greater protein deposition in the body are achieved at neutral detergent fibre levels of 10.6% and 10.3%, respectively.

Neutral detergent fibre in piglet diets: performance and gastrointestinal implications

The intestinal health of piglets depends on the balance between diet, microflora and mucosal integrity. Disruption of this balance can compromise the digestive functions, leading to diarrhoeal frame and decline in performance of piglets. However, the level and type of fibre can limit digestive disorders. Thirty newly weaned piglets were used to evaluate the levels of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) in diets regarding performance, pH, viscosity and concentration of short chain fatty acids of digestive contents, gastrointestinal transit time, morphology of the intestinal mucosa, weights of organs and occurrence of diarrhoea. NDF level had quadratic effect on weight gain and feed conversion ratio of piglets, estimating best results at the level of 10.4%. NDF level had no effect on the pH, viscosity and concentration of short chain fatty acids. NDF levels below 10.2% or above 13.5% reduced the transit time of digesta. There was quadratic effect on villus height in the duodenum and jejunum and in the crypt depth of jejunum. There was linear increase in stomach, caecum and colon weights and linear decrease in the occurrence of diarrhoea according to increasing NDF levels. It is concluded that levels below 10.2% and above 13.5% reduce the transit time of digesta, whereas 12.2% NDF level results in better mucosa structure of the small intestinal, with an increase in the weights of the stomach, caecum and colon and a reduction in the occurrence of diarrhoea with increasing NDF level in diets, resulting in better performance of weaned piglets with 10.4% of NDF.

Níveis de farelo de coco em rações para leitões na fase de creche

A total of 32 male castrated boars and gilts of a commercial pig line aged 21 days and 6.20±0.92 kg of live weight were used to evaluate the performance and economical evaluation of copra meal inclusion in diets for piglets at nursery. Animals were allotted in a completely randomized block design with four treatments (0, 7, 14 and 21 % of copra meal), eight replicates per treatment and one animal as experimental unit. From 21 to 42 days of age, levels up to 7 % reduced daily weight gain of piglets (p<0.05). A quadratic trend on feed:gain ratio was observed from 42 to 63 days and total period (p<0.05), with better results at estimated level of 14.33 and 13.99 %, respectively. No effect of copra meal inclusion on economical variables was observed from 21 to 42 days of age. From 43 to 63 days and total period (21 to 63 days) a quadratic effect on economical indexes was observed with the inclusion of different levels of copra meal, with better results around 15 %. The inclusion of copra meal until the level of 7 % is recommended in piglet diets from 21 to 42 days of age. From 43 to 63 days, the estimated level of 15 % results in better performance and economical indexes. It is recommended to include up to 7 % of coconut meal in diets for pigs from 21 to 42 days old. From 43 to 63 days of age, the estimated level of 15 % resulted in better performance.

Viabilidade Econômica do Uso de Farelo de Arroz Integral em Rações para Leitões de 21 a 42 Dias de Idade

Foram utilizados 60 leitoes, femeas e machos castrados, de linhagem comercial, com media de 21 dias de idade e com peso inicial medio de 5,4 ± 1,44 kg, com o objetivo de se avaliar os efeitos da inclusao de farelo de arroz integral (FAI) nas racoes ate 42 dias de idade sobre a viabilidade economica. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com cinco niveis de inclusao de farelo de arroz integral: 0, 5, 10, 15 e 20%; e seis repeticoes por tratamento. A unidade experimental foi constituida por dois animais (um macho castrado e uma femea). A analise economica mostrou que nao houve diferenca significativa entre os tratamentos. Concluiu-se que o fornecimento de farelo de arroz integral foi viavel ate o nivel de 20% de inclusao nas dietas de leitoes no periodo de 21 a 42 dias de idade. DOI: 10.15528/2176-4158/rcpa.v14n1p50-53

Lysine requirement for piglets in the phase from 10 to 20kg in the condiction of NE Brazil

One experiment with piglets between 10 to 20 kg live weight was conducted to determine the lysine requirements. Were utilized a total 60 crossbred pigs, 30 barrows and 30 gilts in a randomized block design with four replications and three piglets(two barrows and one gilts or two gilts and one barrow) per experimental unit. The piglets were fed diets containing corn-soybean meal and sesame meal with five lysine levels(0.70, 0.80, 0.90, 1.00 e 1.10%). Average daily gain (ADG) increased linearly (P 0.05) was observed. Based on ADG using the linear model and on feed-gain using the descontinous statistical model (LRP), the levels of 1.10 and 0.98% lysine were obtained respectively.

Mortality causes of piglets in the first week after birth

An experiment was carried out to evaluaie causes of rnortality in pigleis in the first week of life. Thirty six deliveries with a total of 369 live piglets were studied. H was observed, based on means, ihal 84 % of the mortaliiy in those studied occurred in the first four days after delivery. The three main causes of morialiiy (84, 34 %) were crushing, low nutriiion leveis and splayed legs.