Marlene Schmidt

Composição química e valores de energia metabolizável de alimentos protéicos determinados com frangos de corte em diferentes idades

The chemical composition and the metabolizable energy values of ten protein feedstuffs fed to broilers at different ages were evaluated. The traditional method of total feces collection was used to determine the values of apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and apparent metabolizable energy corrected by nitrogen (AMEn), in male broilers in the periods from 21 to 30 (first period) and from 41 to 50 (second period) days of age. The experiment was analyzed as a complete randomized design with 10 treatments, six replicates and six (first trial) and four poultry (second trial) per pen. The following feedstuffs were evaluated: cottonseed meal, corn gluten meal, soybean protein concentrate, two meat and bone meals, fish meal, full fat poultry by-product meal, two spray-dried plasma and erythrocytes. The AMEn (kcal/kg) values on as-fed basis in the first and second experimental periods were as follows: cottonseed meal, 1,963 and 2,461; corn gluten meal, 3,608 and 4,013; soybean protein concentrate, 2,043 and 2,155; meat and bone meal 36%, 1,249 and 1,573; meat and bone meal 45%, 1,391 and 1,766; fish meal, 3,055 and 3,077; full fat poultry by-product meal, 2,990 and 3,172; spray-dried plasma 70%, 2,673 and 2,730; spray-dried plasma 78%, 3,027 and 3,704; and erythrocytes, 2,834 and 3,256. All AME and AMEn meal values obtained in the second period were higher than those obtained in the first one.

Exigência nutricional de lisina digestível para galinhas poedeiras de 54 a 70 semanas de idade

An experiment was performed to determine the dietary digestible lysine requirement of hens (Lohman LSL and Lohman Brown) from 54 to 70 weeks of age. Three hundred and sixty hens were randomly assigned to 5 × 2 factorial arrangement (Lys levels by hen strain), according to the dietary treatments withj six replicates (groups) of 6 birds. An experimental diet was formulated to contain deficient digestible lysine levels in order to be supplemented with lysine (L-Lys-HCL,78%) originating the five dietary treatments (0.555; 0.605; 0.655; 0.705 and 0.755% of digestible lysine). The parameters analyzed were egg production, egg weight, egg mass, feed intake, lysine intake, feed conversion, albumen weight, yolk weight and shell weight, Haugh unit, albumen index and yolk index, percentage of non-commercial eggs and body weight gain. There was linear effect of lysine levels to light laying hens on feed intake, lysine intake, yolk index, albumen weight, yolk weight and quadratic effect on egg production, egg weight, egg mass, feed conversion and shell weight. For brown-type laying hens, there was linear effect of lysine levels on lysine intake and egg weight and quadratic effect on egg production, egg mass, feed conversion and shell weight. The digestible lysine requirements were estimated through polynomial regression models. Estimates of digestible lysine requirements were calculated as 0.724 and 0.692% for light laying hens and brown-type laying hens, respectively, which corresponds to 784 and 748 mg/hen/day and 14.9 and 14.5 g of digestible lysine/g egg mass produced, in the period from 54 to 70 weeks of age.

Níveis nutricionais de cobre para frangos de corte machos e fêmeas nas fases de crescimento e terminação

Two experiments, with 288 and 196 birds, half males and half females, respectively, were carried out to determine the copper (Cu) requirements for broilers in the growing (from 22 to 42 days) and finishing (from 43 to 54 days) phases. Two basal diets were formulated to meet the bird nutritional requirements, except for Cu, that was deficient at the levels of 1.40 and 1.33 ppm, respectively. The treatments of both experiments consisted of the Cu supplementation levels, from Cu sulfate, resulting in a total of 1.40, 4.90, 8.40, 11.90, 15.40 and 18.90 ppm Cu in the diet for the growing of phase and 1.33, 4.83, 8.33, 11.83, 15.33 and 18.33 ppm Cu in the finishing phase. Average weight gain, feed intake, feed:gain ratio and Cu concentration in the bone, liver and serum were the evaluated variables. Copper levels, in the both phases, did not affect bird performance and Cu concentration in the bone. However, effect on the Cu concentration in the liver and serum was observed in the growing phase. In the finishing phase, Cu levels affected only Cu concentration in the liver. In the growing phase, was choosen the requirement value estimated by the variable Cu concentration in the serum, which was 11.1 ppm. In the finishing phase, levels of 8.5 to 11 ppm, commonly present in corn and soybean meal based diets, are adequate to animal performance.Two experiments, with 288 and 192 birds, half males and half females, respectively, were carried out to determine the zinc (Zn) requirements for broilers in the growing (from 22 to 42 days) and finishing (from 43 to 54 days) phases. Two basal diets were formulated to meet the birds´ nutritional requirements, except for Zn, that was deficient at the levels of 13.0 and 12.0 ppm, respectively. In both experiments it was evaluated Zn supplementation levels, from a commercial Zn oxide, [...]

Nutritional requirement of digestible lysine for brown-egg laying hens in the 2nd production cycle

ABSTRACT - With the objective of determining the nutritional requirement of digestible lysine for brown-egg layinghens from 79 to 95 weeks of age, an experiment was carried out using 180 commercial Lohmann Brown laying hens, distribuitedin five treatments (0.555; 0.605; 0.655; 0.705 and 0.755%), six replications and six birds birds/replication. The feed intakeand the food conversion per dozen of eggs were not influenced by the lysine levels. There was a positive linear effect on lysineintake and quadratic on feed conversion for egg mass. Egg mass and weight presented a quadratic response to the lysine levels.The egg component percentage and the internal quality were not influenced by the levels of lysine, except for the yolk index,which showed quadratic effect. The digestible lysine requirement for brown-egg laying hens on the 2 nd production cycle ofproduction was 0.681% lysine, that corresponds to a daily intake of 783 mg digestible lysine.Key Words: amino acids, egg production, egg quality

Nutritional requirement of methionine+cistine digestibles for laying hens during a period of 54 to 70 weeks of age

This research was carried out using 360 laying hens (180 Lohmann LSL and 180 Lohmann Brown), to establish the nutritional requirement of digestible methionine+cystine in the period from 54 to 70 weeks of age. A completely randomized experimental design, in a 5 × 2 factorial arrangement (5 levels of digestible methionine+cystine and 2 laying hen strain), with 6 replications and 6 hens per experimental unit, was used. The treatments consisted of diets supplemented with 5 levels of DL-methionine (98%), resulting in 0.492, 0.544, 0.596, 0.648 and 0.700% of digestible methionine+cystine in diets. The parameters analyzed were: egg production, egg weight, egg mass, feed intake, digestible methionine+cystine intake, feed conversion, egg components (albumen, yolk and shell), internal quality (Haugh unit, albumen index and yolk index), the percentage of eggs does not trade and the body weight gain. The levels of methionine+cystine digestibles studied influenced the egg production, egg weight, egg mass, feed intake, digestible methionine+cystine intake, feed conversion, weight yolk and shell, and the body weight gain. The requirements of digestible methionine+cistine were estimated by polynomial regression models. The digestible methionine+cystine requirement, estimated for the laying hens light-weight was of 0.645% in the ration, corresponding to daily intake per hen of 712 mg and 12.5 g of methionine+cystine digestibles/g egg mass produced. For the laying hens semi-heavy was of 0.655% in the ration, corresponding to daily intake per hen of 723 mg and 13.2 g of methionine+cystine digestibles/g egg mass produced.

Exigências nutricionais de zinco para frangos de corte machos e fêmeas na fase inicial

Three hundred and eighty four broilers chicks, half males and half females, were used to determine the zinc requirement for broilers in the initial phase (from 8 to 21 days). A basal diet was formulated that meet the nutritional requirements, except for Zn level, which was kept deficient at 12.00 ppm. The treatments consisted of Zn supplementation to the basal diet with Zn oxide, in the levels of 12.0, 37.0, 62.0, 87.0, 112.0 and 137.0 ppm of Zn. The characteristics evaluated were weight gain, feed intake, feed:gain ratio and Zn concentration in the bone, liver and blood serum. There was no effect of Zn levels on performance characteristics and on Zn concentration in liver of birds. There was effect of Zn levels on Zn concentration in serum and bone. Significant interaction between Zn levels and sex was observed only for Zn concentration in bone. The requirement estimations were 86.12 ppm and 85.70 ppm for broilers males and females, respectively, from 8 to 21 days of age. Based on the Zn concentration in the serum, requirement estimated was of 113.55 ppm, however, considering the importance of this mineral in the bone development, requirement of Zn is of 86.12 ppm and 85.70 ppm for male and female broilers from 8 to 21 days of age.

Níveis nutricionais de treonina digestível para poedeiras comerciais durante o segundo ciclo de postura

An experiment was carried out to estimate the optimum level of digestible threonine for white-egg and brown-egg laying hens in the second laying cycle. It was used 360 laying hens, 180 were white-egg and 180 were brown-egg laying hens which were distributed in a complete randomized design in 5 x 2 factorial arrangement (5 levels threonine x 2 lines of laying hens). The levels of digestible threonine used were the following: 0.380, 0.413, 0.445, 0.478 and 0.511%. It was evaluated performance data (production, egg weight and mass), egg components (albumen, yolk and shell), egg internal quality (Haugh units, albumen and yolk indexes) and percentage of non-commercial eggs and body weight parameters. Through the obtained results, it was estimated for white-egg laying hens, levels of digestible threonine of 0.446%, which matches a daily intake of 487 mg/hens and a lysine: threonine relationship equal to 68; for brown-egg laying hens, the estimate level of digestible threonine was 0.465% with a daily intake of 505 mg/hens and a lysine: threonine relationship of 71. By comparing the relationship mg digestible threonine per gram of produced eggs, values of 9.5 and 10.0 mg threonine/gram egg are estimate; gram of produced egg.

Níveis nutricionais de treonina digestível para poedeiras leves no segundo ciclo de produção

In order to determine nutritional requirement of digestible threonine for white-egg laying hens in the second production cycle (from 79 to 95 weeks of age), it was carried out an experiment with 180 commercial Lohmann LSL laying hens, distributed in five diets (0.380; 0.413; 0.446; 0.479 and 0.512% digestible threonine), six replicates and six birds per experiment unit. Levels of threonine in the ration quadratically affected feed intake, feed conversion per mass and per dozen of eggs, laying rate, weight and mass of eggs. It was not observed significant effect of the levels of threonine in the ration on weight gain, Haugh unity, index of yolk and albumen and percentage of yolk and albumen, except for shell percentage, which was quadratically affected. Through statistic analyzes and biological interpretation and using feed conversion per dozen of eggs as a decision parameter, the requirement of digestible threonine in the period from 79 to 95 weeks of age is 0.469%, corresponding to a threonine consumption of 459 mg/bird/day.

Nutrition levels of digestible methionine + cystine for brown-egg laying hens in the 2nd production cycle

It was conducted an experiment with the objective of setting the nutritional requirement of methionine+cystine for white-egg laying hens in the second production cycle. It was used 180 white-egg laying hens from 79 to 95 weeks of age submitted to a basal diet deficient in methionine+cystine, supplemented with 0.00; 0.053; 0.108; 0.161 or 0.214% of DL-methionine (98%) to provide 0.490; 0.542; 0.594; 0.648 and 0.698% of digestible methionine+cystine in the rations. Levels of supplementation followed ratios of methionine+cystine:lysine of 75, 83, 91, 99 and 107 with lysine fixed at 0.653%. A complete randomized design with five levels of methionine + cystine was used, with six replicates and six birds per experimental unit. Levels of methionine+cystine in the ration linearly affected feed conversion per dozen of eggs and mass of eggs, laying rate, egg mass and albumen index and they quadratically affected weight of eggs and Haugh unity. Percentage of components of the eggs was not affected by levels of methionine+cystine in the ration. Requirement of methionine+cystine for white-egg laying hens is higher than 0.698%, which corresponds to a consumption of at least 796 mg/bird/day.

Níveis nutricionais de cobre para frangos de corte machos e fêmeas na fase inicial

Three hundred and eighty-four birds, half males and half females, were used to determine the copper (Cu) requirement for broilers in the initial phase (from 8 to 21 days). A basal diet was formulated to meet the bird nutritional requirements, except for Cu, that was deficient at 1.47 ppm level. The treatments consisted of Cu supplementation levels, from Cu sulfate, in a total of 1.47, 4.97, 8.47, 11.97, 15.47 and 18.97 ppm Cu in the diet. Weight gain, feed intake, feed:gain ratio and Cu concentration in the bone, liver and serum were evaluated. The studied Cu levels affected feed intake, but did not alter weight gain and feed:gain ratio. No effects of Cu levels on Cu concentration in the bone were detected. Effects of increasing dietary Cu levels on Cu concentration in the liver and serum were observed. However, the most adequate value of Cu requirement was estimated in the serum, because it better represents the Cu nutricional status in the animal organism. It was concluded that Cu requirements for broilers, males and females, from 8 to 21 days old is of 9.48 ppm, considering that corn and soybean meal-based diets, for broilers, contain from 8.5 to 11 ppm Cu and that Cu bioavailability in the soybean meal of 38%.