Marta Lizandra do Rêgo Leal

Proteinograma sérico de bezerras sadias, da raça holandesa, no primeiro mês pós-nascimento

Com a finalidade de estabelecer valores de referencia do proteinograma serico e avaliar o efeito do fator etario, estudaram-se amostras de soro sanguineo de 300 bezerras sadias, da raca Holandesa, no primeiro mes pos-nascimento, distribuidas por 15 grupos etarios. O teor serico de proteina total foi minimo nos animais com ate oito horas de idade, aumentando progressivamente ate o 4o dia, quando alcancou o valor maximo seguindo, entao, com pequenas oscilacoes ate o 30o dia. Os teores de albumina serica apresentaram pequenas elevacoes a partir das 24 horas de vida, sendo o aumento significativo apos 13 a 15 dias e mantendo-se ate os 30 dias de idade, quando registrou-se o valor maximo. As taxas sericas de alfaglobulina nao demonstraram variacoes significativas entre os grupos etarios. Os teores de betaglobulina serica aumentaram progressivamente ate sete a nove dias pos-nascimento, quando alcancaram um valor maximo, sendo este seguido por pequenas variacoes ate o final das observacoes. A concentracao serica de gamaglobulina que foi minima ate oito horas de idade, evoluiu com aumentos significativos ate dois dias de idade, quando atingiu um valor maximo, tendo estabilidade dos valores ate o 11o dia de idade e, na sequencia, apresentou queda progressiva das taxas ate os 30 dias. A relacao albumina:globulina evidenciou um valor maximo nos animais com ate oito horas de idade, seguido por queda significativa ate os dois dias pos-nascimento, quando passou a apresentar valores relativamente estaveis mantidos ate os 15 dias de idade, demonstrando entao tendencia a aumentos ate o final do periodo de estudo. Todos os componentes do proteinograma, com excecao da fracao alfaglobulina, apresentaram variacoes influenciadas pela idade.

Efeito da idade sobre o equilíbrio ácido-básico de bezerras sadias no primeiro mês de vida

Venous blood samples of 300 healthy female Holstein calves were used to study the effect of the age on the acid-base balance in the neonatal period. The calves were divided in 15 age groups: from birth to 8 h; 8 to 16 h; 16 to 24 h; 2 d; 3 d; 4 d; 5 d; 6 and 7 d; 8 and 9 d; 10 and 11 d; 12 and 13 d; 14 and 15 d; 16 to 20 d; 21 to 25 d; and 26 to 30 d. Blood pH, pCO2, pO2, HCO3-, TCO2, BE, StB and SatO2 values were measured and the results were analysed through ANOVA. The correlation between the variables and age in the first day of life was studied. The influence of the type of parturition (normal versus assisted or dystocic) on the acid-base status was compared. Blood pH and pCO2 values were respectivelly lower and higher in the first age group; BE and StB were reduced in the first 16 h of life, showing a trend to increase up to the 5th day of life. The older the calf, in the first day of life, the higher the blood pH, BE, and StB; the lower the blood pCO2. Few changes occurred in the acid-base status of calves born from different types of parturition. These results reforced the evidence that mixed acidosis presented at birth tend to be reverted during the first days of life. The acid-base vriables remained stable along the rest of the neonatal period.

Teste de tuberculinização em caprinos (Capra hircus) experimentalmente sensibilizados

The tuberculin skin test was established with the aim to be applied in the diagnosis of tuberculosis in experimentally sensitized goats. Thirty goats were alocated into three groups with ten animals each. The animals in group A were sensitized with Mycobacterium avium sample D4; group B with Mycobacterium bovis sample AN5; and group C (control) was inoculated with saline solution. The results of the simple cervical test after 72h of bovine tuberculin inoculation was interpreted as follow: positive reaction, when there was an increase in the skin fold thickness greater than 3.9mm; suspicious, when from 1.8 to 3.8mm; and negative when less than 1.7mm. The analysis of the results of the comparative cervical test between M. avium and M. bovis and analysed, 72h after tuberculin, indicated positive reactions, when the increase in skin fold thickness induced by M. bovis was greater than that one induced by the avian tuberculin at least 2.5mm; it was considered suspicious when the difference between the bovine and avian tuberculin reactions was from 1.9 to 2.4mm; and negative when this difference was smaller than 1.8mm. The histological evaluation of the local specific tuberculin response, were performed in skin samples collected from five goats in group A, five in group B, and four in group C, the results were the presence of mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate at 96h after tuberculin inoculation.

Biochemical parameters to evaluate liver function of healthy female holstein calves during the first month of live

Three hundred healthy female Holstein calves were used for assess the liver function throughout the first month of life. The following serum biochemical variables were analysed: bilirrubin (total, direct and indirect) and the activities of gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and creatine kinase (CK). The influence of age on the biochemical values was also studied. The bilirrubin values had highest levels on the 1st d of life (BT-1.360mg/dl; BC-0.150mg/dl e BL-1.175mg/dl) and then showed a continuing decrease until the 30th d of life (BT-0.350mg/dl; BC-0.050mg/dl e BL-0.300mg/dl). The serum GGT activities were at they highest point between the 16th to 24th h (945.00UI/L). There was a downward trend from the 11th d (86.00UI/), presenting the lowest activity at the 30th d (24.00UI/) similar to the activities usually found in healthy adult dairy cattle. The activities of AST and CK were higher at the 1st d of life (AST- 27.50UI/L e CK- 73.00UI/L) declining from then on (AST- 19.00UI/L e CK-41.50UI/L). Ageing showed a significant influence on all the biochemical variables studied.

Citologia dos lavados traqueobrônquico (LTB) e broncoalveolar (LBA) de bezerros holandeses sadios durante o primeiro mês de vida

The neonatal calf is a critical moment for adaptation of the newborn to extra uterine life. The respiratory tract is functionally very demanded and often affected by disease, resulting in direct loss of their function and causing serious economic losses in livestock. The basic point to reduce these losses is appropriate clinical evaluation of neonates; but the diagnosis based solely in physical examination is very difficult to establish. The use of complementary analysis such cytology of the respiratory tract becomes an important diagnostic tool; however their findings must be standardized in the face of different techniques employed. This research studied the dynamics of the cellularity of the bronchoalveolar and tracheobronchial region obtained through lung lavage harvested by nasotracheal catheterization technique and tracheocenthesis respectively, during the first month of life of healthy calves. The tracheobronchial cytology was influenced by the time, showing decreased number of alveolar macrophages and greater number of neutrophils, possibly increased by local irritation caused by the technique, which was repeated sequentially, and/or through greater stimulation of inhaled microorganisms deposited in this region. In the bronchoalveolar region no variation in the cellular constituents in function of time was found. The results allowed the conclusion the cell population of the tracheobronchial region has changed over the week-old calves, possibly due to the technique used and/or to the normal region physiology, represented by higher magnitudes of neutrophils. Otherwise, the cells of the broncholaveolar region showed a stable behavior during the first month of life of newborn calves, presenting numerical predominance of alveolar macrophages.

Microbiota bacteriana e citologia da região traqueobrônquica de bezerros no período neonatal

Bronchopneumonia is important for world livestock production and one of the major causes of calf mortality during the first months of life. The preventive and therapeutic measures adopted for the disease in calves in Brazil are usually based on the results of international studies; however there is not enough known which bacteria are implicated. In the first month of life calves show immaturity of their immune system, what has been little studied in regard to pneumonia. The present investigation sought to study neonate bronchopneumonia in calves, to identify which bacteria are present in the respiratory tract of healthy and, with naturally acquired pneumonia calves, to analyze the pulmonary cytological response against pathogens. For this purpose, samples of the respiratory tract were collected by tracheocenthesis. It was noted that the microflora of the tracheobronchial region of healthy and diseased calves was the same, but they were different from the one reported by international papers. The flora was constituted mainly by Staphylococcus sp., Bacillus sp., Streptococcus sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa and enterobacteriae, allowing to infer that the prophylactic and therapeutic measures adopted internationally may not be as effective for the Brazilian condition. It was also found that newborn calves have an approximate ratio of 1:1 of macrophages and neutrophils in the tracheobronchial region when they were healthy, reaching a ratio of approximately 1:3 of macrophages and neutrophils when they were with bronchopneumonia. Probably, these profiles are characteristic of the age, a period when exists immaturity of the immune system and influenced by management factors which lead to greater inhalation of bacterial agents.

Leucograma de bezerros Holstein sadios no primeiro mês de vida

To establish reference values and to assess the influence of age on the leukograms of healthy Holstein calves, blood samples were obtained from 300 animals. These samples were distributed equally (n=20) among 15 experimental groups according to age: birth to 8 hours, 9 to 16 hours, 17 to 24 hours, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 to 7 days, 8 to 9 days, 10 to 11 days, 12 to 13 days, 14 to 15 days, 16 to 20 days, 21 to 25 days and 26 to 30 days of age. The maximum numbers of leukocytes (9,305.0/mL), segmented neutrophils (6,551.2/mL) and total neutrophils (6,678.3/mL) were noted within the first 8 hours of life, while band neutrophils peaked in number (133.3/mL) between 9 and 16 hours after birth. Meanwhile, the maximum total lymphocyte (4,992.1/µL) and typical lymphocyte (4,686.1/µL) counts occurred between 21 and 25 days, whereas atypical lymphocytes (388.5/µL) reached their maximum number between 26 and 30 days, demonstrating an inversion of the neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio over time. Thus, the influence of age on the leukocyte count of the evaluated calves was verified. The release of endogenous corticosteroids during labor or at birth may contribute to this variation in leukograms with age.

Eritrograma de bezerras sadias, da raça Holandesa, no primeiro mês de vida

Com a finalidade de estabelecer valores de referencia e de avaliar a influencia do fator etario sobre o eritrograma de bezerras sadias, da raca Holandesa, utilizaram-se amostras de sangue de 300 animais, distribuidos por 15 grupos experimentais, de acordo com a idade, no primeiro mes de vida. As variacoes dos valores medios obtidos para os componentes do eritrograma foram as seguintes: numero de hemacias (x106/mm3) = 6,68-7,60, volume globular (%) = 29,80-33,35, taxa de hemoglobina (g/dl) = 9,00-10,43, volume corpuscular medio (fl) = 38,93 47,68, hemoglobina corpuscular media (pg) = 11,75-14,69, concentracao de hemoglobina corpuscular media (%) = 29,53-31,63% e numero de reticulocitos (x103/mm3) = 0,00-11,86. A influencia do fator etario provou-se significativa para o volume corpuscular medio, hemoglobina corpuscular media e numero de reticulocitos.

Imunoglobulinas no trato respiratório de bezerros sadios durante o primeiro mês de vida

The immunoglobulin variation profile in lavages from the broncoalveolar and tracheo-bronchial regions of 20 healthy newborn Holstein male calves was studied. They were fed with colostrum and distributed into 2 groups, 10 animals each. Group 1 underwent the nasotracheal catheterization technique to get the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and Group 2 underwent the tracheocenthesis to collect the tracheobronchial lavage (TBL), both procedures being carried out at a 7-day-interval, starting on the first days up to about one month of life. Higher IgG contents, as compared to IgA, were noted across the respiratory tract. These immunoglobulins were impacted by the site of the respiratory tract washed, as well as by the calves life time in weeks. Higher immunoglobulin contents were detected in TBL, as well as higher IgM and IgA rates, as compared to BAL. The BAL immunoglobulins showed a tendency to be reduced in TBL.

Efeito do tempo após a ingestão de leite sobre o equilíbrio ácido-básico de bezerros

Blood pH, carbon dioxide and oxygen partial pressures, bicarbonate, total carbon dioxide, base excess, standard bicarbonate and oxygen saturation concentrations were measured by blood gas analyses in a study of assessment of the acid-base status in young calves. Venous blood samples were taken from 80 healthy female Holstein calves, from four to 30 days of age. The calves were divided in two groups based on the interval between the morning milk feeding and the blood sample collection (up to 30 minutes or over two hours). Greater alkali reserve and higher carbon dioxide pressure values were observed later than 2h after milk feeding, supporting the influence of the diet on the acid-base balance of calves during the milk feeding phase.