Mateus da Silveira Pasa

Situação e perspectivas da fruticultura de clima temperado no Brasil

Fruticulture is present in all Brazilian states, and as economic activity, involves around five million people, directly and indirectly. Brazil is the third largest fruit producer, with output of around 40 million tons a year, but has only 2% of global trade industry, which demonstrates the high domestic consumption. The Brazilian fruit growing area is approximately 1.9 million hectares of which 1,034,708 hectares of tropical fruits, 928,552 ha of subtropical fruits and 135,857 ha of temperate species. Among the fruits of temperate climate, are table and wine grapes (81,677 ha), apples (39,081 ha), peaches, plums and nectarines (19,102 ha), persimmons (8,740 ha), strawberries, blackberries, raspberries , blueberries (3,560 ha), figs (3,072 ha), pears (1,404 ha) and quinces (211 ha). Even with a smaller area than the species of tropical and subtropical climate, the temperate fruits have a social importance, highlighted in several regions of southern Brazil, which corresponds to the states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Parana, of southeastern Brazil, Sao Paulo and Minas Gerais, and in the Sao Francisco Valley region, in northeasten Brazil, either as fresh crops, agribusiness and/or agrotourism. Brazilian exports of fruits in recent years have been very positive, both in volume and in value. In 1998 Brazil exported 294,222 tons of fruits, whereas in 2008 exported 887,978 tons, representing a 201.8% increase in export volume. The main fruits that contributed to this significant increase were melon, mango, banana, apple and grape, with an increase in export volume between 1998 and 2008 of 226, 242, 91, 948 and 1766% respectively. The production of quality fruits in the temperate regions of southeastern Brazil needs genetic and breeding programs and studies on agricultural management, as well as on plant physiology to adapt them to the mild winter and to the range of temperatures, very frequent in major Brazilian regions. The long summers and precipitation excess cause many diseases and pests, which often requires pesticide treatments in excess. The management of the orchards with integrated fruit production is enabling the production of high quality fruits and at the same time is reducing the environmental impact of the activity. The challenges are related to climate changes, the necessity of pesticide use reduction and supplies, the fruit handling pre-and post-harvest, and to the need for logistics to suit the different markets, the control of pests and diseases and the breeding programs, in order to meet the new demands of each temperate species.

Características vegetativas, fenológicas e produtivas do pessegueiro cultivar Chimarrita enxertado em diferentes porta-enxertos

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes porta-enxertos no desenvolvimento vegetativo, fenologico e produtivo do pessegueiro [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] cv. Chimarrita. Os porta-enxertos utilizados foram Capdeboscq, Tsukuba 1, Okinawa, Aldrighi e GF 305. As variaveis analisadas foram: diâmetro do tronco, volume da copa, material retirado da poda, epoca de brotacao, epoca de floracao, quantidade de clorofila, area foliar especifica, comprimento dos ramos principais, produtividade, massa dos frutos, coloracao do fruto, firmeza de polpa, teor de solidos soluveis totais (SST), acidez titulavel (TA), relacao SST/AT, fenois totais e epoca de maturacao. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repeticoes com cinco plantas cada. Nao houve efeito dos porta-enxertos em: inicio da brotacao, inicio da queda de folha, area foliar especifica e maturacao e massa de fruto. O diâmetro de tronco, comprimento de ramos, volume de copa, massa verde da poda e quantidade de clorofila foram influenciados mais pelos porta-enxertos Capdeboscq, Okinawa e Tsukuba 1. O maior numero de flores por ramo foi obtido com o porta-enxerto Capdeboscq. Frutos mais avermelhados foram produzidos com o porta-enxerto GF 305, e os vermelho-amarelados com Okinawa.

Hábito de frutificação e produção de pereiras sobre diferentes porta‑enxertos

The objective of this research was to evaluate the bearing habit and yield of pear cultivars (Pyrus communis) grafted onto quince (Cydonia oblonga) and callery pear (P.xa0calleryana) rootstocks. The experiment was carried out in the winter of 2009 and 2010, in a pear orchard conducted as central leader, at 1.0x5.0xa0m spacing, with three pear cultivars (Carrick, Packham, and Williams) combined with one callery pear (Clone D6 of P.xa0calleryana) and 15xa0quince rootstocks. The following variables were assessed: percentage of vegetative spurs, reproductive spurs, vegetative brindles, reproductive brindles and bourses; total number of flower buds; yield per plant; and productive efficiency. Bearing habit of pear cultivars is influenced by the rootstocks, mainly for reproductive spur formation. In general, there was an inverse relationship between the percentage of vegetative and reproductive spurs, and between productive efficiency and vigor for all scion and rootstock combinations. In order to enhance production, cultural management in orchards of the evaluated cultivars, especially on pruning, should be oriented according to the rootstock used and to the bearing habit of each combination.

Comportamento agronômico inicial da cv. Chimarrita enxertada em cinco porta-enxertos de pessegueiro

The objective for this study was to evaluate the agronomical behavior of cv. Chimarrita on five rootstocks of peach trees in Pelotas- RS from 2003 to 2005. The variables evaluated were: trunk diameters of the rootstock and of the scion; length of the annual terminal growth; volume of the canopy; fresh and dry weight of the material taken by the summer and winter pruning; pruning intensity index; fruit weight; fruit production per tree; production efficiency; productivity per hectare; total soluble solids; pulp firmness; and fruit diameter and color. It was observed that the trees from: rootstock Capdeboscq promoted higher vegetative growth and larger fruits, followed by the ones from the rootstock Okinawa which promoted the highest yield (1, 65 t.ha-1); the rootstock GF 305 and Aldrighi had the lowest vegetative development and yield (0, 52 t.ha-1).

Desenvolvimento, produtividade e qualidade de peras sobre porta-enxertos de marmeleiro e Pyrus calleryana

Pears are the most imported fruit in Brazil, thus its cultivation may represent an important opportunity to Brazilian growers. However, there are still some problems that restrict pear production, such as the lack of adapted rootstocks. The aims of this study were to assess growth, yield and fruit quality of two pear cultivars: Carrick grafted on quinces Portugal, MC, BA29, DVranja and Inta 267 and Packhams Triumph grafted on Adams, DAngers, Alongado, Smyrna and Pyrus calleryana. In a completely randomized block design, with 3 replicates per treatment, a 2-year (2009-10) experiment was carried out in a 7-year old pear orchard, trained on central leader, at 1.0x5.0 m spacing, at the Centro Agropecuario da Palma, FAEM/UFPel. The assessed parameters were trunk cross sectional area, yield efficiency, yield, cumulative yield, fruit number per tree, total soluble solids, flesh firmness, fruit weight and fruit diameter. The yield of Carrick and Packhams Triumph was increased when quince rootstocks Portugal and MC; Adams and DAngers were adopted, respectively. Moreover, it was found that yield and yield efficiency of both cultivars generally was inversely proportional to the vigor induced by the rootstock. Fruits of Carrick and Packhams Triumph cultivars accumulated higher amounts of soluble solids when grafted on dwarfing rootstocks.

Qualidade de luz e fitorreguladores na multiplicação e enraizamento in vitro da amoreira-preta 'Xavante'

There are a lot of advantages using micropropagation technique over the methods traditionally used in blackberry propagation especially concerning health of seedlings and speed in getting new plants. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of bioregulators 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and indol-3-butyric acid (IBA) combined with light quality on in vitro multiplication and rooting, respectively, of blackberry Xavante. The experimental design was completely randomized. The treatments consisted of different levels of light quality (blue, red, white and absence of light) combined with the absence or presence of bioregulators IBA (0.5mg L-1) and BAP (0.8mg L-1) in the culture medium. The use of BAP increases the number of new shoots, buds and leaves of blackberry, Xavante and thus is suitable for its in vitro propagation. The use of IBA is not required in in vitro rooting of the blackberry cultivar studied, showing that it is naturally well rooting.

Desempenho de mudas de mirtilo obtidas por micropropagação ou estaquia

The objective of this work was to evaluate the vegetative development and the onset of the productive period of blueberry (Vaccinium virgatum) seedlings obtained by semi-hardwood cuttings or micropropagation. In 2009, a blueberry orchard was established with one-year-old seedlings, at 1.3x4.0xa0m spacing. The cultivars Bluegem, Briteblue, and Woodard, from the rabbiteye group were utilized. The following parameters were evaluated: plant height, number and diameter of shoot, berry average diameter, number of harvested fruit per plant, average production per tree, estimated yield by hectare, fresh matter per fruit, content of soluble solids, titratable acidity and pH. Plants originated from the micropropagation technique showed high rate of initial vegetative growth, due to the rejuvenation caused by this sort of propagation. Propagation methods did not affect fruit quality. Despite the expected, micropropagated plants showed no delay in the initial fruit production and its fruit yield and quality were similar to those of cutting-propagated plants.

Desempenho de cultivares de mirtileiros dos grupos rabbiteye e highbush em função da cobertura de solo

A cultura do mirtileiro esta em expansao no Brasil principalmente por seus efeitos beneficos a saude. Devido ao fato de seu cultivo ser recente no Pais, a cultura ainda carece de estudos relacionados ao manejo, dentre os quais a adequada cobertura do solo. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desenvolvimento vegetativo e produtivo de cultivares de mirtileiros dos grupos rabbiteye (Climax, Delite e Powderblue) e highbush (Georgiagem, Misty e Oneal), em resposta a dois tipos de cobertura do solo. O trabalho foi conduzido em condicoes de campo na empresa Frutplan Mudas Ltda., localizada no municipio de Pelotas-RS, no periodo de outubro de 2010 a maio de 2013. Foram estudadas seis cultivares de mirtilo: Climax, Delite, Powderblue, Georgiagem, Misty e Oneal, e dois tipos de cobertura do solo: polipropileno de rafia extrusado, marca comercial Ground CoverTM e acicula de pinus. Foram avaliados o diâmetro medio das hastes, o numero medio de hastes, a altura de planta, a producao por planta, a produtividade, a massa media de fruta, o diâmetro medio de fruta e os solidos soluveis. Concluiu-se que a utilizacao de Ground CoverTM incrementa o diâmetro e o numero medio de hastes, e a altura das cultivares estudadas, alem de aumentar o numero de frutas por planta e a producao de limax, Delite e Powderblue. Observou-se que, independentemente do sistema de manejo do solo, as cultivares do grupo rabbiteye sao mais produtivas do que as do grupo highbush. Finalmente, o aumento da produtividade por area justifica o custo de instalacao da cobertura de polipropileno Ground CoverTM, nas cultivares Climax, Delite e Powderblue.

Pear quality characteristics by Vis / NIR spectroscopy

Recently, non-destructive techniques such as the Vis / NIR spectroscopy have been used to evaluate the characteristics of maturation and quality of pears. The study aims to validate the readings by the Vis / NIR spectroscopy as a non-destructive way to assess the qualitative characteristics of pear cultivars Williams, Packams and Carrick, produced according to Brazilian conditions. The experiment was conducted at the Pelotas Federal University, UFPel, in Pelotas / RS, and the instrument used to measure the fruit quality in a non-destructive way was the NIR- Case spectrophotometer (SACMI, Imola, Italy). To determine pears soluble solids (SS) and pulp firmness (PF), it was established calibration equations for each variety studied, done from the evaluations obtained by a non-destructive method (NIR-Case) and a destructive method. Further on, it was tested the performance of these readings by linear regressions. The results were significant for the soluble solids parameter obtained by the Vis / NIR spectroscopy; however, it did not achieve satisfactory results for the pear pulp firmness of these cultivars. It is concluded that the Vis / NIR spectroscopy, using linear regression, allows providing reliable estimates of pears quality levels, especially for soluble solids.

Yield and fruit quality of peach scion by using rootstocks propagated by air layering and seed

Na propagacao de porta-enxertos varios metodos podem ser usados, no entanto alguns sao pouco utilizados devido a falta de informacao sobre o comportamento das plantas a campo. Avaliou-se o metodo de propagacao de porta-enxertos por alporquia comparado ao sistema tradicional de propagacao por meio de sementes no pessego [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] cv. copa Granada. Avaliaram-se as seguintes variaveis: produtividade, peso de fruto, coloracao da epiderme, firmeza de polpa, teor de solidos soluveis totais (SST) e acidez titulavel (AT), relacao SST/AT, tamanho de fruto, fenois totais, diâmetro de tronco, e peso de poda. A produtividade, fenois totais e acidez titulavel foram maiores quando utilizado o metodo de propagacao por alporquia. Nao houve diferencas entre os metodos de propagacao para coloracao e diâmetro de fruto, firmeza de polpa e solidos soluveis totais e relacao solidos soluveis totais e acidez titulavel. Dependendo do medoto de propagacao, o peso do fruto nao se diferencia entre os porta-enxertos. Para o porta-enxerto Capdeboscq os frutos maiores foram obtidos com a propagacao com sementes. O comportamento dentro de cada metodo de propagacao esta relacionado com o tipo de porta-enxerto utilizado. A cultivar (cv.) copa Granada, sobre porta-enxerto obtido por alporquia aerea, mantem a produtividade igual ou superior e com os mesmos atributos de qualidade de fruto do que quando utilizado o metodo de propagacao de porta-enxertos por semente.