Patrícia Aparecida Ferreira

Etnografia e grounded theory na pesquisa de marketing de relacionamento no mercado consumidor: uma proposta metodológica

Studies on the interaction between company and consumer during the process of purchase involve complex situations that are too difficult to be understood by quantitative research. As a result, qualitative approach has gained a growing space in recent marketing research. A good example of it is ethnography, an approach that has been used in the studies about consumer behaviour. Hence, the objective of this study is to discuss ethnography along with another qualitative approach, grounded theory, as methodologies of research in relationship marketing in the consumer market (RMC) capable of grasping the internal dynamics of this phenomenon. The discussion is on how the use of these approaches can contribute for the scientific advancement of the RMC area and the conclusion is that its use is adequate as these research approaches, by focusing on subjective aspects, have the potential of revelling why consumers and companies involve themselves in exchange relationships.

O papel dos atores na formulação e implementação de políticas públicas: dinâmicas, conflitos e interesses no Programa Mais Médicos

Diversos atores participam dos processos de formacao de politicas publicas: individuos, grupos ou organizacoes que exercem influencia direta ou indireta, em diferentes momentos. Dessa forma, buscou-se mapear os atores envolvidos na formulacao e implementacao do Programa Mais Medicos e compreender as dinâmicas e contribuicoes desses atores. Para analise dessa politica publica, adotou-se um estudo teoricoempirico com abordagem qualitativa e metodo de estudo de caso. Identificou-se como atores centrais o Governo Federal, os movimentos sociais, a midia de massa, as redes sociais e os conselhos de medicina. No que se refere a analise do ciclo do programa, verificou-se que seus processos nao foram continuos, mas, sim, permeados por relacoes assimetricas e conflitantes. Na analise observou-se que as Jornadas de Junho constituiram uma janela de oportunidade para o Programa Mais Medicos; no entanto, houve diversos posicionamentos contrarios a ele. Os movimentos de oposicao enfeixaram-se em dinâmicas, conflitos e coalizoes tanto no âmbito de atores governamentais como de atores da sociedade civil - com destaque para a relacao da base aliada com os partidos contrarios ao programa, em que houve processos conflituosos e recuos de ambos os lados. Conclui-se que os diversos atores participaram dos processos motivados por interesses, ideologias e objetivos diversificados. Dessa forma, os conflitos permearam todo o processo, desde a proposta do programa, o anuncio, a aprovacao da lei, a chegada dos diversos medicos, ate o inicio de suas atividades por todo o pais.Many different actors take part in the process of formulating public policies, which includes individuals, groups and organizations that exert a direct or indirect influence at different times. Thus, the specific purpose of this article has been to map the actors involved in the formulation and implementation of the ‘Mais Médicos’ Program and to understand the dynamics and contributions of these actors. In order to analyze this particular public policy, a theoretical and empirical study has been adopted with a qualitative approach and case study method. Among the key players in this process were the federal government, social movements, the mass media, and social networks, as well as the Councils of Medicine. With regard to the analysis of the program cycle, it was found that its processes were not continuous, but rather asymmetrical and permeated by conflicting relations. This same analysis showed that the June 2013 protests provided a window of opportunity for the ‘Mais Médicos’ Program, but that nevertheless, there was still considerable opposition to the program. The opposition movements involved were bound by a series of different dynamics, conflicts and coalitions that applied to both government actors as well as those from civil society. One should highlight, for example, the relationship between those parties for and those against the ‘Mais Médicos’ Program, in which there were conflicts and setbacks on both sides. The conclusion is, therefore, that the different actors involved in the process were motivated by a variety of different interests, ideologies and goals. Thus, conflict permeated the entire process, from the program’s initial proposal, its announcement, the enactment of the Law governing it and the arrival of the different doctors to the start of their activities in hospitals throughout the country.

Implantação de Usinas Hidrelétricas e Teoria dos Stakeholders: Analisando o processo de negociação a partir de um estudo de caso

As usinas hidreletricas tem sido as responsaveis pela maior parte da energia eletrica gerada no Brasil. Alem disso, ha uma tendencia de que a geracao de energia eletrica seja ampliada no pais, levando a um aumento nas construcoes de hidreletricas. Observa-se que, como em outros tipos de empreendimentos, existe a presenca de interesses antagonicos: de um lado temos o Estado e empresas privadas, e do outro, as comunidades atingidas. Considerando que esses empreendimentos sao quase sempre justificados por um discurso de desenvolvimento, nao se pode negar que a populacao atingida sofre diversos impactos e que geralmente tende a ser excluida do processo decisorio. Essa ideia encontra-se oposta a nocao mais ampla da Teoria dos Stakeholders , segundo a qual a empresa deveria considerar todos os atores envolvidos e/ou afetados pelas acoes empresariais nas suas decisoes, evitando conflitos e buscando promover o equilibrio entre os interesses dos stakeholders e da propria organizacao (CINTRA et al ., 2015). Esse trabalho tem como objetivo identificar e analisar as acoes de negociacao adotadas na implantacao de um empreendimento hidreletrico no sul de MG em relacao aos seus stakeholders , apontando a participacao dos atingidos, o acesso e transparencia, e as relacoes de poder presentes no processo de negociacao. Este estudo caracteriza-se como uma pesquisa qualitativa e que utiliza a tecnica de analise de conteudo. Os principais resultados demonstram que nesse processo de negociacao houve pouca participacao dos atingidos, pouco acesso e transparencia a informacoes relevantes, alem de forte presenca de relacoes de poder.

The role of the actors in the formulation and implementation of public policies: dynamics, conflicts and interests in the 'Mais Médicos' Program

Diversos atores participam dos processos de formacao de politicas publicas: individuos, grupos ou organizacoes que exercem influencia direta ou indireta, em diferentes momentos. Dessa forma, buscou-se mapear os atores envolvidos na formulacao e implementacao do Programa Mais Medicos e compreender as dinâmicas e contribuicoes desses atores. Para analise dessa politica publica, adotou-se um estudo teoricoempirico com abordagem qualitativa e metodo de estudo de caso. Identificou-se como atores centrais o Governo Federal, os movimentos sociais, a midia de massa, as redes sociais e os conselhos de medicina. No que se refere a analise do ciclo do programa, verificou-se que seus processos nao foram continuos, mas, sim, permeados por relacoes assimetricas e conflitantes. Na analise observou-se que as Jornadas de Junho constituiram uma janela de oportunidade para o Programa Mais Medicos; no entanto, houve diversos posicionamentos contrarios a ele. Os movimentos de oposicao enfeixaram-se em dinâmicas, conflitos e coalizoes tanto no âmbito de atores governamentais como de atores da sociedade civil - com destaque para a relacao da base aliada com os partidos contrarios ao programa, em que houve processos conflituosos e recuos de ambos os lados. Conclui-se que os diversos atores participaram dos processos motivados por interesses, ideologias e objetivos diversificados. Dessa forma, os conflitos permearam todo o processo, desde a proposta do programa, o anuncio, a aprovacao da lei, a chegada dos diversos medicos, ate o inicio de suas atividades por todo o pais.Many different actors take part in the process of formulating public policies, which includes individuals, groups and organizations that exert a direct or indirect influence at different times. Thus, the specific purpose of this article has been to map the actors involved in the formulation and implementation of the ‘Mais Médicos’ Program and to understand the dynamics and contributions of these actors. In order to analyze this particular public policy, a theoretical and empirical study has been adopted with a qualitative approach and case study method. Among the key players in this process were the federal government, social movements, the mass media, and social networks, as well as the Councils of Medicine. With regard to the analysis of the program cycle, it was found that its processes were not continuous, but rather asymmetrical and permeated by conflicting relations. This same analysis showed that the June 2013 protests provided a window of opportunity for the ‘Mais Médicos’ Program, but that nevertheless, there was still considerable opposition to the program. The opposition movements involved were bound by a series of different dynamics, conflicts and coalitions that applied to both government actors as well as those from civil society. One should highlight, for example, the relationship between those parties for and those against the ‘Mais Médicos’ Program, in which there were conflicts and setbacks on both sides. The conclusion is, therefore, that the different actors involved in the process were motivated by a variety of different interests, ideologies and goals. Thus, conflict permeated the entire process, from the program’s initial proposal, its announcement, the enactment of the Law governing it and the arrival of the different doctors to the start of their activities in hospitals throughout the country.

El papel de los actores en la formulación e implementación de políticas públicas: dinámicas, conflictos e intereses en el Programa Más Médicos

Diversos atores participam dos processos de formacao de politicas publicas: individuos, grupos ou organizacoes que exercem influencia direta ou indireta, em diferentes momentos. Dessa forma, buscou-se mapear os atores envolvidos na formulacao e implementacao do Programa Mais Medicos e compreender as dinâmicas e contribuicoes desses atores. Para analise dessa politica publica, adotou-se um estudo teoricoempirico com abordagem qualitativa e metodo de estudo de caso. Identificou-se como atores centrais o Governo Federal, os movimentos sociais, a midia de massa, as redes sociais e os conselhos de medicina. No que se refere a analise do ciclo do programa, verificou-se que seus processos nao foram continuos, mas, sim, permeados por relacoes assimetricas e conflitantes. Na analise observou-se que as Jornadas de Junho constituiram uma janela de oportunidade para o Programa Mais Medicos; no entanto, houve diversos posicionamentos contrarios a ele. Os movimentos de oposicao enfeixaram-se em dinâmicas, conflitos e coalizoes tanto no âmbito de atores governamentais como de atores da sociedade civil - com destaque para a relacao da base aliada com os partidos contrarios ao programa, em que houve processos conflituosos e recuos de ambos os lados. Conclui-se que os diversos atores participaram dos processos motivados por interesses, ideologias e objetivos diversificados. Dessa forma, os conflitos permearam todo o processo, desde a proposta do programa, o anuncio, a aprovacao da lei, a chegada dos diversos medicos, ate o inicio de suas atividades por todo o pais.Many different actors take part in the process of formulating public policies, which includes individuals, groups and organizations that exert a direct or indirect influence at different times. Thus, the specific purpose of this article has been to map the actors involved in the formulation and implementation of the ‘Mais Médicos’ Program and to understand the dynamics and contributions of these actors. In order to analyze this particular public policy, a theoretical and empirical study has been adopted with a qualitative approach and case study method. Among the key players in this process were the federal government, social movements, the mass media, and social networks, as well as the Councils of Medicine. With regard to the analysis of the program cycle, it was found that its processes were not continuous, but rather asymmetrical and permeated by conflicting relations. This same analysis showed that the June 2013 protests provided a window of opportunity for the ‘Mais Médicos’ Program, but that nevertheless, there was still considerable opposition to the program. The opposition movements involved were bound by a series of different dynamics, conflicts and coalitions that applied to both government actors as well as those from civil society. One should highlight, for example, the relationship between those parties for and those against the ‘Mais Médicos’ Program, in which there were conflicts and setbacks on both sides. The conclusion is, therefore, that the different actors involved in the process were motivated by a variety of different interests, ideologies and goals. Thus, conflict permeated the entire process, from the program’s initial proposal, its announcement, the enactment of the Law governing it and the arrival of the different doctors to the start of their activities in hospitals throughout the country.

Quality Assurance in Distance Education in Brazil

Distance Education constitutes one of the education fields that are evolving rapidly around the world. So, it is possible to consider it as an important instrument to reach youngsters and adults whom learning needs were not satisfactorily met by the traditional educational system. Distance Education has a great potential in several levels and niches in the society. This educational methodology has shown a new paradigm that permits access to much more people at the universities, as well as the improvements of the qualitative level of the professors who haven’t much time to upgrade themselves, mainly in Brazil where most primary and high school teachers dwell in more than one school to complement their wages which are very low.

Nature value: the evolution of this concept

More attention has been paid to environmental matters in recent years, mainly due to the current scenario of accentuated environmental degradation. The economic valuation of nature goods can contribute to the decision-making process in environment management, generating a more comprehensive informational base. This paper aims to present, in a historic perspective, the different concepts attributed to nature goods and were related to the current predominant perspectives of nature analyses. For this purpose, this paper presents the different concepts attributed to value since the pre-classical period, when nature were viewed as inert and passive providers of goods and services, this view legitimized natures exploration without concern over the preservation and conservation of nature. The capacity of nature to absorb the impact of human action appears to be reaching its limit, considering the irreversibility, the irreproducibility and the possibility of collapse. The appropriate method for valuing natural resources is not known, but more important than the method is to respect and incorporate the particular characteristics of the nature goods into this process. These characteristics must be valuated in order to arrive at a more consistence approach to nature value and promote sustainability.