Paulo André Cremonez

AVALIAÇÃO DE IMPACTO AMBIENTAL: METODOLOGIAS APLICADAS NO BRASIL

The observation of the effects, generally negatives, caused to the environment by human activities has led the creation of standards and basic conditions for that an enterprisecan take ownership of aspecificarea, aiming that does not cause significant changes to the environment, such as the preservation of the natural resources. In this context, the methods of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) had been formulated, which for excellence are dedicated to make predictions of the effects of a specific project to the short, medium and long term. The present work discusses the main methods of environmental impact assessment, In particular the methodologies: AD HOC, Checklist method, Interaction Matrices, Interaction Networks, Superposition of Letters, Simulation Models, Quantitative Methodologies and AMBITEC-AGRO. The technical information about each of the available methods can assist professionals in environmental impact assessment in the selection or fusion of these, in order to be compatible with the nature of the enterprise or be the causative factor in the environmental change that will be studied. The safe choice of the methodology to be applied allows a more accurate and reliable evaluation to mitigate the negative impacts in the environment.

Biogas production with co-digestion of sugarcane straw

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate straw modification by chemical degradation generated by two forms of pretreatment, using citric acid in an autoclave and urea solution with sodium hydroxide at low temperature. Design/methodology/approach The material was digested and compared in biodigester reactors lined with natural straw, straw pretreated with citric acid, straw pretreated with urea and NaOH, and straw subjected to both the pretreatments. The amount of straw has been delimited to 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 percent v/v, and used 20 percent v/v inoculum in all reactors, consisting of 30 percent v/v poultry litter and 70 percent swine wastewater (SW). The experiment was conducted in an incubator kept in mesophilic conditions (35°C). Findings The results indicate significant change in the studied material, with degradation of lignin as well as hemicellulose and cellulose exposed to further hydrolysis. Spectrophotometric methods were used for monitoring degradation. These methods were efficient in monitoring changes caused by the treatments. When the proposed pretreatments are applied to sugarcane straw, there is a significant gain in biogas production (L g VSR−1). The most appropriate rates for higher methane production in the pretreatments are 2.5 and 5 percent straw-SW. The best results for the anaerobic digestion of sugarcane straw were obtained by pretreating it with citric acid. Originality/value This paper shows a new use for the sugarcane straw waste after being pretreated with acid or base for the coproduction of biogas.

Biodigestão anaeróbia de um polímero orgânico de fécula de mandioca

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo realizar o processo de biodigestao anaerobia de material plastico polimerico biodegradavel a base de fecula de mandioca, utilizando-se de biodigestores de escala laboratorial com modo de operacao batelada. Utilizou-se agua residual estabilizada de suinocultura como materia-prima e copos plasticos biodegradaveis produzidos a partir de fecula de mandioca para a producao de biogas. A experiencia foi desenvolvida utilizando-se estufas em condicao mesofila, ondese realizaram 4 tratamentos garantindo a entrada total de 0, 40, 120 e 200 g de material biodegradavel nos reatores de cada tratamento, respetivamente. A partir dos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que polimeros biodegradaveis produzidos a partir de fecula de mandioca (PBM) apresentam elevada biodegradabilidade (taxas de remocao de STV e DQO de ate 75,2% e 79,3% respetivamente) se submetidos a biodigestao anaerobia em fase mesofila. A elevada producao de biogas em curto periodo temporal e outro fator a destacar observando-se producoes de ate 1274 ml gSTV-1. Pela caracteristica de facil degradabilidade do material, elevadas concentracoes de PBM sob biodigestao podem proporcionar acidificacao do reator pela elevada producao de acidos volateis como ocorrido nos reatores dos tratamentos de adicao de 120 e 200g de PBM.

UTILIZAÇÃO DO BAGAÇO DE CANA-DE-AÇÚCAR COMO ADSORVENTE NA REDUÇÃO DA ACIDEZ DE ÓLEO RESIDUAL PARA PRODUÇÃO DE BIODIESEL

Resumo: A busca por novas alternativas renovaveis de combu stiveis visando a substituicao dos combustiveis derivados do petroleo tem crescido muito nos ultimo s anos. Fato justificado devido as metas de diminui cao da dependencia dos combustiveis fosseis bem como os impactos ambientais, proporcionado pelo uso de tal combustivel derivado dos hidrocarbonetos. Entre ta is alternativas podemos citar o biodiesel. Este biocombustivel vem apresentando inumeras vantagens ambientais quando comparado ao diesel petroquimico. Nesse mesmo contexto, a reutilizacao de oleos resid uais do processo de fritura vem sendo uma alternati va visando a reducao dos custos de producao do biodies el. Porem, tais materias-primas podem apresentar al tos indices de acidez sendo um grave problema na conversao dos triglicerideos em esteres (biodiesel). Busc ando uma alternativa viavel para essa problematica propo e-se a avaliacao do metodo de adsorcao em pequena escala tendo como material adsorvente o bagaco da cana-de-acucar, almejando uma possivel reducao do indice de acidez do oleo residual. Dessa maneira, o referido estudo partiu de um delineamento estatistico compos to central rotacional (DCCR) com tres condicoes variaveis de t ratamento sendo elas: a massa de adsorvente, a temp eratura e agitacao, em cinco niveis. Resultados apontaram e m uma diminuicao do indice de acidez superior a 50 % evidenciado no tratamento 9. Palavras-chave: Adsorcao; Biodiesel; Indice de Acidez; Qualidade d o oleo; Pre-tratamento.

DENDÊ: DO CULTIVO DA PALMA À PRODUÇÃO DE BIODIESEL

The necessity for developing alternative energy sources ensuring a energy security is the perspective of developing countries like Brazil. The national production of oilseeds is seen as one of the solutions to complement the current Brazilian energy matrix, palm oil being of great interest in the conversion and biodiesel production. The present paper aims to collect and expose technical information relating to the culture of oil palm, evaluating the potential of the oil of the plant when oriented to biodiesel production. With a percentage of 20-22% of palm oil and a yield of 4-6 t/ha/year, the palm is considered as the largest source of oil consumption in the world, which shows a high potential for biodiesel production, that can still increase following managements and zoning alternative, exceeding even more that traditional soybean crop. Biodiesel from palm oil can be easily obtained in methyl route basic with molar ratio alcohol/oil of 6:1, at 60 °C for 60 min, meeting the American, European and Brazilian specifications.

PRÉ-TRATAMENTOS NA PRODUÇÃO DE ETANOL DE SEGUNDA GERAÇÃO

The increasing in ethanol production without expansion of plantation areas has been studied in Brazil, more intensively since the Proalcool initiative. The cellulosic biofuel is considered an alternative to expand this production in large scale for it does not only allow the use of sugar cane bagasse, as well as any lignocellulosic material, and uneatable plant parts, besides, the environmental appeal enables the short term production. One of the challenges is to improve the process of hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulose, once that he first presents an almost crystalline structure and the second has a less regular structure. This paper aims to report the main used pre-treatments aiming to expose the cellulose and hemicellulose for hydrolysis (saccharification). The greatest challenge is due to the metabolization of the polysaccharide that is gradually impaired as the complexity of its chain increases. The degradation of cellulose weaves a network of several possibilities including even the fuel production for jet aircraft. Even with the fact that this area of research is recent, there is already such a pilot plant for production and the first refineries installed went into operation in 2011, however, in order to spread and gain markets it will have compete with the powerful oil market.

INFLUÊNCIA DA DENSIDADE DE PLANTIO NO CRESCIMENTO DA LINHAÇA MARROM

Flaxseed can be consumed as food or feed, besides being used for various other purposes, has a percentage of protein in equal proportion of fibers and mostly oil, usually the product of interest in culture can be grown brown and golden flaxseed. The objective of this study was to analyze the influence of population densities in the culture of brown flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) using the online system of planting, being spaced at 0.45 m. The experiment was conducted at the State University of West Parana, year 2013 campus, using a completely randomized design with eight systems of planting density: 67, 84, 99, 117, 137, 154, 172 and 190 plants/m2 with six replicates, we performed 130 days after harvesting crops. The vegetative behavior was assessed following the variables fenometric plant height, stem diameter, number of branches of the stem, fresh and dry mass of the aerial part of the plant, number of capsules, fresh and dry seeds. Evaluating the data plotted in generated by applying the Tukey test, the table can not infer the best for high density planting of brown flaxseed aiming to yield grain, only it was noted that high density below 99 plants/m 2 reduce productivity in grain brown.

Fertigation of stillage in the culture of brown and golden linseed ( Linum usitatissimum )

In Brazil, the stillage is mainly used in fertigation of sugarcane plantations, however, little is known about its effect on the nutritional supplementation and irrigation cultivation of linseed. Because of the shortage of work in the area, the present study aimed to evaluate the development of the culture of brown and golden linseed submitted to fertigation of stillage. The experiment was conducted in the field, at the Federal University of Parana in Palotina/PR in the agricultural year of 2013, on a eutrophic Red Latosol. The adopted lineation was completely randomized in split plots, where the plots were composed by the two varieties (brown and gold), and the sub-plots by the ratios (100% stillage; 50% stillage and 50% water; 100% control water). Fertigation of stillage in the culture of brown and golden linseed presents positive results on plant height, dry and fresh weight, capsules number and productivity; except for the number of branches (100% is higher). It was observed that between the two varieties, the golden linseed showed better development with the applied treatment. Keywords: Fertigation, energy crops, agro industrial residues African Journal of Biotechnology , Vol 13(12), 1369-1373