Samuel Nelson Melegari de Souza

Performance of cycle Diesel engine in dynamometer using diesel/biodiesel mixtures

Given the prediction of the scarcity of oil, the ethyl ester (biodiesel) has presented as an excellent alternative fuel option for cycle diesel engine. The characteristics of biodiesel are similar of diesel in terms of viscosity and the calorific power, being able to be used without adaptations in the engines. For the accomplishment of this work it was used a cycle diesel engine, of direct injection with four cylinders, without adaptations. The engine was connected to a dynamometer and acquisition systems of auxiliary data. The performances of torque, power and specific fuel consumption for the following mixtures diesel/soy ethyl ester had been evaluated: B2, B5, B10, B20, B50, B75 and B100. The best registered performance was given with the B20 mixture.

Metodologia experimental para avaliação de custos de produção e utilização de biodiesel: estudo de caso de quatro ésteres metílicos e óleo diesel comercial

Considering that Brazil has a wide range of raw materials for biodiesel production, and also the possibility of small scale production, there is a demand for economic methodology studies with easy implementation. The objective of this research was to demonstrate a methodology and its application to assess the costs within the production process and the biodiesel use. The methodology was applied to biodiesels originated from soybean oil, sunflower oil, chicken oil and beef tallow, which assessed the fixed and variable costs for chemical conversion of oils and fats into methyl esters in an experimental production plant. Production costs for each of the four mentioned esters are peculiar due to the initial value of each oil per liter. Also the specific cost and specific fuel consumption were evaluated for each biodiesel to determine the difference with the commercial diesel oil. The case study showed advantages for diesel oil, both in cost and consumption. Comparing the biodiesels, the beef tallow showed the lowest production costs and lower consumption.

Análise operacional de um sistema fotovoltaico de bombeamento de água

The pumping of water is one of the activities most diffused to the employment of the photovoltaic solar energy, in spite of coming as an interesting alternative, the high cost and it lowers efficiency of the systems with the inadequate projects, still restricts its application. The rational use, based on the most efficient use of its equipments is linked to the knowledge of the operational behavior of these systems. The present work objectified to evaluate the operational behavior of a photovoltaic water pumping directly coupled operating in different conditions of solar irradiance, by means of the assembly of supported tests, submitting to different manometer elevation and determining the supplied rate flux of water. The analysis of the results allowed to determine a regression model for flux of water estimation as function of irradiance and manometer elevation. Was concluded that the power generated by the array and the rate flux supplied by the motor-pump is directly related to the solar irradiance. The maximum efficiency of the array was of 8%, 39% for the motor-pump and, 2.3% in the interaction of the components in the system.

Análise de um sistema de aquecimento de água para residências rurais, utilizando energia solar

The awareness of the importance of the environment has stimulated the study of new renewed energy sources and less pollutant. Amongst these sources, solar energy stands alone for being perennial and clean. The use of solar energy in systems of agricultural residential water heating, can complement the economy of electric energy, base of the Brazilian energy matrix. Knowing the factors that influence the operation of a system of water heating by solar energy is important in determining their technical viabilities targeting their distribution in agricultural residences. To evaluate equipment of water heating for solar energy, a prototype was constructed in the campus of Assis Gurgacz College, in Cascavel,State of Parana, Brazil, with similar characteristics to equipment used in residences for two inhabitants, to function with natural circulation or thermosiphon and without help of a complementary heating system. The equipment revealed technical viability, reaching the minimum temperature for shower, of 35 °C, whenever the solar radiation was above the 3,500 Wh m-2, for the majority of the studied days.A conscientizacao da importância do meio ambiente tem incentivado o estudo de novas fontes energeticas renovaveis e menos poluentes. Dentre essas fontes, a energia solar destaca-se por ser perene e limpa. A utilizacao da energia solar em sistemas de aquecimento de agua residencial rural pode colaborar com a economia de energia eletrica, base da matriz energetica brasileira. Conhecer os fatores que influenciam na operacao de um sistema de aquecimento de agua por energia solar e importante na determinacao de sua viabilidade tecnica, visando a sua difusao em residencias rurais. Para tanto, construiu-se um prototipo, no câmpus da Faculdade Assis Gurgacz, em Cascavel - PR, com caracteristicas similares a um equipamento utilizado em residencias para dois habitantes, para funcionar com circulacao natural ou termossifao e sem auxilio de sistema de aquecimento complementar. O equipamento mostrou-se viavel tecnicamente, alcancando a temperatura minima para banho de 35 °C, sempre que a radiacao solar foi superior a 3.500 Wh m-2, o que aconteceu para a maioria dos dias estudados.

Avaliação econômico-financeira da microgeração de energia elétrica proveniente de biogás da suinocultura

One of the biggest sources of energy available in rural areas is biomass and agribusiness. The same appears in the form of plant and animal residues such as crop residues, animal manure, energy crops and agro-industrial effluents. These residues can be used by the farmer or agribusiness for direct burning in order to produce heat or production of biogas. Swine production generates large amounts of wastes causing environmental problems if left untreated. The same has lot of methane. The objective of this study was to evaluate the production cost of electricity through biogas from swine manure. It was found that the best option for the producer is selling carbon credit when the production cost of electricity is viable when sold to utility power. The best condition was found to generate 20 h d-1, when the time for return on investment is 8 years and the production of electricity is R

Fuel specific consumption and emission analysis in a cycle diesel motor generator using diesel and biodiesel from waste frying oil blends

120.11 kWh.

Allelopathic effect of aqueous extract of fresh leaf castor beans ( Ricinus communis L.) applied to the beginning stage of soy ( Glycine max L.) and safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius L.)

One of the main fuels that can be helpful in emissions reduction when compared with diesel oil is the biodiesel. Moreover, it is a renewable fuel and may be obtained from different animal fat and vegetable oil. The purpose of this work was to evaluate fuel specific consumption and emission of exhaustion gases using the biodiesel produced from waste frying oil in a cycle diesel internal combustion engine (ICE) to produce electrical energy. The used motor generator has a power of 7.36 kW (10 HP) and 5.5 kVA /5.0 kW of nominal power. The used fuel was composed of a biodiesel and diesel oil blend and the following proportion in biodiesel composition was used: 0% (B0), 5% (B5), 10% (B10), 20% (B20), 50% (B50) and 100% biodiesel (B100). The nominal load applied varied between 0.5 and 5.0 kW. The analysis test was just performed with (B0) and (B100) blends. To quantify the gases emission, combustion and emission analyzer were used. The quantified gases were: CO, NO, NOx and SO 2 . Generally, the utilization of biodiesel from waste frying oil showed fuel specific consumption statistically similar to that of the diesel oil. It was observed that the biodiesel from waste frying oil provided an emission reduction of combustion gases. Key words: Combustion, energy production, biofuel.

Effect of Hydroxy (HHO) Gas Injection in a Gasoline Electric Generator for Rural Areas

Allelopathy defines the production of specific biomolecules (allelochemical) by a plant that can induce positive or negative impacts on another culture. The crop of castor beans ( Ricinus communis L.) is being economically valued and receiving attention, mainly by the biodiesel production, castor oil and animal feeding. In this study, the allelopathic effect of aqueous extract from fresh leaves of castor beans ( Ricinus communis L.) applied to the beginning stage of soy ( Glycine max L.) and of safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius L.) was investigated. An experimental was setup with five blocks and four replications, considering that each block refers to a concentration of extract of castor beans fresh leaf (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%); the one without castor beans leaves was taken as ‘witness’. The statistic treatment was done using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey test with an error rate of 5%. The result showed evidences that there are allelopathic effects among the extract of castor beans fresh leaf and the beginning stage of soy and safflower only in the root part of the seedling. Key words: Ricinus communis L., Glycine max L., allelopaty.

Comparison of the emissions and performance of ethanol-added diesel–biodiesel blends in a compression ignition engine with those of pure diesel

This study aimed to evaluate how the HHO gas injection from an electrolyser, conventional bipolar type, works inside a motor-generator fueled with gasoline for utilization in rural areas. After the injection of HHO gas together with gasoline, the parameters of exhaust gases, exhaust temperature, pollution expelled, specific consumption of the engine and excess air, were checked and compared. The main results allowed the evaluation of the engine, when it was fueled with gasoline and HHO gas, which had a better performance than that when fed only with gasoline. The results showed that the engine consume less gasoline and generate fewer pollutant gases when in operation with the injection of HHO gas without the need of radical changes in the engine design.

Green roofs and their contribution for the reduction of room temperature in buildings in Cascavel-State Paraná/green roofs and energy efficiency

ABSTRACT In this study, a biodiesel was produced from blending vegetable and animal sources with diesel and diesel-ethanol using a motor-generator set to evaluate its performance and emission characteristics. Fifteen and twenty percent of animal-vegetable biodiesel were added to each diesel-ethanol blend. A motor-generator test was conducted for each mixture; each sample was subjected to resistive loads from 2 to 5 kW with six repetitions. The physicochemical properties met the national standard guidelines, while the best specific fuel consumption (SFC) was observed for the 15% biodiesel-1% ethanol (B15E1) blend at the load of 5 kW with 327.069 g kW−1 h−1, followed by diesel (334.875 g kW−1 h−1). The exhaust gas temperature behaved differently depending on the ethanol concentration; it was lower when the concentration of added ethanol was higher. The NO emissions decreased while the SO2 emissions increased as the ethanol concentration increased. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT