V. Ferrante

Review of the social and environmental factors affecting the behavior and welfare of turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo)

In modern rearing systems, turkey producers often face economic losses due to increased aggression, feather pecking, cannibalism, leg disorders, or injuries among birds, which are also significant welfare issues. The main underlying causes appear to relate to rapid growth, flock size, density, poor environmental complexity, or lighting, which may be deficient in providing the birds with an adequate physical or social environment. To date, there is little information regarding the effect of these factors on turkey welfare. This knowledge is, however, essential to ensure the welfare of turkeys and to improve their quality of life, but may also be beneficial to industry, allowing better bird performance, improved carcass quality, and reduced mortality and condemnations. This paper reviews the available scientific literature related to the behavior of turkeys as influenced by the physical and social environment that may be relevant to advances toward turkey production systems that take welfare into consideration. We addressed the effects that factors such as density, group size, space availability, maturation, lightning, feeding, and transport may have over parameters that may be relevant to ensure welfare of turkeys. Available scientific studies were based in experimental environments and identified individual factors corresponding to particular welfare problems. Most of the studies aimed at finding optimal levels of rearing conditions that allow avoiding or decreasing most severe welfare issues. This paper discusses the importance of these factors for development of production environments that would be better suited from a welfare and economic point of view.

Measurement and time domain analysis of heart rate variability in dairy cattle.

explained by hepatocytic degeneration and necrosis, with loss of urea cycle enzymes and secondary hyperammonaemia (Vallema and others 1999), although a direct influence of cobalt or vitamin B12 deficiency on brain energy metabolism in the development of lesions cannot be excluded (Suttle 1988). The possibility of cobalt deficiency should be investigated whenever illthrifty lambs are presented soon after an improvement in their diet, with non-specific neurological signs such as head pressing, ataxia and ear twitching. It has been suggested that ovine white liver disease may be triggered by factors such as ingestion of pasture rich in readily digestible carbohydrates (Ulvund 1990). In this study, it is possible that the acute fatty liver changes and subsequent hepatic encephalopathy were triggered by the sudden change in diet from rough hill pasture to sugar beet pulp. While a gradual improvement in diet is preferable to a sudden change, this is not always practical. A general recommendation is therefore made that any cause of illthrift is first diagnosed and corrected before implementing sudden dietary changes.

Behavioral problems in Italian saddle horses

Abstract A survey was carried out in 25 riding centers to evaluate the prevalence of behavioral problems among saddle horses and to investigate the relationship between these and individual traits, training and management of the affected horses. Seven percent of the 650 horses examined had some kind of behavioral problems, and crib-biting was the most frequent. These behavioral problems seemed to be related to the sort of training and management. Show jumping horses tended to be affected simultaneously by more than one behavioral problem and to be more aggressive towards other horses. Although show jumpers were ridden more often, they had fewer opportunities to graze. The prevalence of behavioral problems was lower among those horses ridden Western style than among those ridden English style; the latter employs more hand to bit contact. The study also showed that horses groomed and ridden by one and the same person had more problems than horses groomed and ridden also by different people.

Welfare problems in alpine dairy cattle farms in Alto Adige (Eastern Italian Alps)

Abstract The present investigation aims to highlight the main welfare problems of dairy cattle farms in Alto Adige (North Eastern Italy) by means of animal based indicators. The relationship between animal based and resource based (housing and management) indicators were investigated in order to obtain useful information for improving welfare levels in mountain husbandry systems. We highlighted some welfare problems, especially in tie-stalls, mainly related to stall and feed trough dimensions and design; however, in these situations good stockmenship seems to be able to compensate for structural lacks.

Relationship between behaviour and heart rate as an indicator of stress in domestic sheep under different housing systems

Four adult Bergamasca rams were used in three types of housing: (1) common enclosures, consisting of a wooden paddock of 3 m × 7 m, partially covered by a shed; (2) metabolic cages of 57 cm × 135 cm; (3) fixed housing, with the animals tied by a rope about l m in length to a ring fixed on a wall. Heart rate was measured by means of a biotelemetric system during free standing, free lying, restrained standing and restrained lying, feeding, mastication, ruminating and drinking. The results show that rams, housing system and the interaction between behaviour and housing system affected heart rate (P < 0.001) during restrained standing and restrained lying. Heart rate in metabolic cages was lower (P < 0.001) than in other housing systems. Behaviour (considering only restrained standing and restrained lying) did not affect heart rate. Nevertheless, the interaction between behaviour and housing system showed that, within each housing system, heart rate during restrained standing was always higher than during restrained lying (P < 0.001). In all types of housing systems, a higher heart rate was observed in the second measurement (P < 0.001), which implies a state of greater agitation in the animals, probably due to the absence of a constant and familiar figure in the present experiment. From a methodological point of view, this study underlines the importance and efficacy of the determination of heart rate as an indicator of the reactive state of sheep.

Effects of two different rearing systems (organic and barn) on production performance, animal welfare traits and egg quality characteristics in laying hens

Abstract Alternative housing systems for hen eggs production represents clear evidence of the trend in animal housing and husbandry towards extensive rearing methods. Consumer demand is oriented towards healthy foods controlled not only under a safety point of view, but also under a welfare assessment of the animals’ living conditions. Among the different alternative systems deep litter and organic production in recent years have been improved in Italy. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether different housing systems (barn B and organic O) for laying hens may influence productive performance, fear responses and egg quality characteristics. A total of 4,745 birds were housed in the B system and 2,016 in the O system, both of which were commercial facilities. In each system the same strain (Hy-Line Brown) was housed and layer performance, external and internal egg characteristics, mortality and feed consumption were recorded weekly. Animal reactivity was recorded monthly with the approaching test. Moreover, the Tonic Immobility test was conducted at 70 weeks of age; feather and foot pad conditions were also investigated at the same time. The peak of laying was reached in both housing systems at 25 weeks of age and was higher in organic hens (94.5%) than in barn hens (93.0%). Feed conversion rate during the overall laying period was 2.36 vs 2.20, respectively, in O and B housing systems. There was a significant difference concerning the eggs classified as very dirty, dirty and cracked between the two systems. The dirty eggs were higher in O system probably due to laying eggs in a free range area, while the higher number of cracked eggs in B system may be due to a significantly less shell thickness in this system. Egg weight increased with layer age in both housing systems. Animals reared in O system showed less fearfulness than in B emphasised by the approaching and Tonic Immobility test results. Feather scoring did not evidence any severe plumage damage; statistical analysis showed some significant differences in comb and back areas between O and B systems. The hens reared on litter showed more aggressive pecking than the organic hens probably due to difference both in light intensity and in density.

The transect method: a novel approach to on-farm welfare assessment of commercial turkeys

Currently, no animal-based protocol for on-farm welfare assessment of commercial turkeys is available. The birds’ size and flighty nature make obtaining a representative sample using traditional methods difficult. The transect walks (TW) approach provides a potential alternative for on-farm assessments of turkey welfare. We compared the TW approach with a traditional method, and data collected as the birds were moved out of the house during the load out process (L). Ten commercial 19- to 20-week-old Hybrid turkey flocks were evaluated (1 flock/house/farm). Half of the flocks were housed on farms deemed as “faring well” by the company, the other half were on “suboptimal” farms. Each house was subdivided longitudinally into 4 transects. Two observers walked the transects in random order, recording the total number of birds per transect that were immobile; lame; aggressive towards a mate; interacting with humans; with visible head, vent, or back wounds; engaging in mounting behaviors; small; featherless; dirty; sick; terminal; or dead. Flocks were re-evaluated on the same day using the individual sampling method (S), where randomly selected birds were scored as they took 10 steps. Flocks were re-assessed within 48 h of the transect evaluation, as birds were funneled out of the house during load out. Using ANOVAs we determined the effects of observers, method, management, and their interactions on proportions of turkeys per house within each category. Outcome parameters were not affected by management (P > 0.05 for all) or observer (P > 0.05 for most), but an assessment method effect was detected (P < 0.05). S differed from the 2 other methods (P < 0.05) for most parameters except aggression towards a mate, back wounds, dirty, sick, and vent wounds. Differences were not detected between data collected using TW and during L, except for dead (P = 0.0007) and immobile (P = 0.007). Results suggest that the TW method is a promising tool for on-farm turkey welfare assessment as it produced results similar to those obtained at L when all birds could be scored individually.

Welfare issues of modern laying hen farming

Abstract This review starts with a brief outline of poultry behaviour and biology and a description of the present laying hen farming situation in Italy. Moreover, it points out the situation of EU legislation currently in effect for laying hen welfare. It then reviews the main welfare issues of layer farming. The following aspects are considered: rearing system (e.g. stocking density, light intensity and photoperiod, equipment and facilities) and some health aspects. All these aspects represent important issues for farmed species, but special attention should be paid when we deal with intensively farmed species like poultry, where a lot of potential stressors may impair the welfare with consequences on health and production. The adoption of suitable housing systems and of adequate management techniques, as well as the presence of well trained stockpersons with a sound knowledge of poultry physiology and behaviour, are particularly important in guaranteeing a sufficient welfare level to poultry. Therefore, the adoption of specific codes of recommendations is highly desirable.

Welfare assessment on farm: what’s new?

1 Animal welfare, Applied ethology and Sustainable production Lab, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy E-mail: monica.battini@unimi.it; elisabetta.canali@unimi.it; michela.minero@unimi.it; silvana.mattiello@unimi.it; sara.barbieri@unimi.it; valentina.ferrante@unimi.it; emanuela.dallacosta@unimi.it. francesca.dai@unimi.it 2 Neiker-Tecnalia, Arkaute Agrifood Campus, Animal Production, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain E-mail: iestevez@neiker.eus, rruiz@neiker.eus, ibeltran@neiker.eus 3 SRUC, Scotland’s Rural College, Edinburgh, United Kingdom E-mail: cathy.dwyer@sruc.ac.uk 4 Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo E-mail: Pirassununga, Brasil.adroaldo.zanella@usp.br

Stress and reactivity in three Italian chicken breeds

Abstract Heterophil to lymphocyte ratio, plasma corticosterone and tonic immobility test, plumage and leg score (Food Pad Dermatitis, FPD) are frequently used as indicators of welfare in chickens. Three traditional Italian chicken breeds (60 birds/group) were studied: Valdarnese Bianca (VB), Bionda Piemontese (BP) and Robusta Maculata (RM). At 80 days of age, reactivity was tested through Tonic Immobility (TI) and plumage and leg score tests. Immediately after phenotypical and behavioural tests, the blood samples were collected from the ulnar vein of chickens. TI duration was not significant among the breeds (VB 72.2 ± 8.3 s; BP 95.2 ± 9.0 s; RM 76.5 ± 8.6 s; mean ± SEM). RM and BP needed a mean number of induction significantly higher than VB (RM = 1.84 ± 0.1; BP = 1.96 ± 0.1; VB = 1.38 ± 0.1; p < 0.0001). The highest corticosterone mean concentration (3.4 ± 0.23 ng/mL) was found in the VB breed, whereas the lowest (1.71 ± 0.21 ng/mL) was found in BP birds. The heterophil to lymphocyte (H/L) ratio was significantly (p < 0.0001) higher in the VB breed (0.86 ± 0.03) than BP (0.78 ± 0.02) and RM (0.75 ± 0.03). In all birds neither plumage damages nor FPD were found. In conclusion, the three breeds showed the typical reactivity of rural breeds adapted to alternative and organic rearing systems; the anti-predatory response, the plasma corticosterone concentration and the H/L ratio could be considered a positive adaptation indicator.