Wilson Barbosa

Distribuição geográfica e diversidade varietal de frutíferas e nozes de clima temperado no Estado de São Paulo

Pesquisaram-se, de 1998 a 2002, os locais e as areas de cultivo, o numero de plantas e as principais especies e cultivares comerciais de frutiferas e nozes de clima temperado do Estado de Sao Paulo. Para tanto, analisaram-se os dados do Projeto LUPA (Levantamento Censitario de Unidades de Producao Agricola do Estado de Sao Paulo) e de consultas aos fruticultores de diversas regioes paulistas. Verificou-se a existencia de 6 familias botânicas, 11 generos e 12 principais especies de frutiferas e uma de noz de clima temperado. Sao elas, em ordem decrescente do numero de plantas: videira rustica, videira fina, pessegueiro (incluindo nectarineira), figueira, caquizeiro, nogueira-macadâmia, macieira, ameixeira, pereira europeia, pereira asiatica, nespereira, quivizeiro e marmeleiro, sendo as duas primeiras responsaveis por 51% de toda a area ocupada com as referidas culturas de clima temperado. Constatou-se que esse segmento da fruticultura esta sendo praticado em 9.510 propriedades de 65% dos municipios paulistas, englobando todas as 40 regionais agricolas da CATI (Coordenadoria de Assistencia Tecnica e Integral), existentes no Estado. A videira e a pereira foram as unicas culturas que apresentaram mais de uma especie botânica sendo cultivada comercialmente. Foram detectadas 53 principais cultivares, sendo a cultura do pessegueiro responsavel pela maior fonte de diversidade varietal. Considerando as epocas de colheita das frutiferas e nozes pesquisadas, observaram-se producoes de frutos em todos os meses do ano, especialmente entre outubro e abril. Registraram-se novos e importantes nichos de cultivo nas regioes de Jales, Presidente Prudente, Barretos e Jau, com predominância das uvas finas, das peras asiaticas, dos pessegos adaptados e da nogueira-macadâmia, respectivamente.

CONSERVAÇÃO E GERMINAÇÃO DE SEMENTES E DESENVOLVIMENTO DE PLÂNTULAS DA PEREIRA PORTA-ENXERTO TAIWAN NASHI-C

Taiwan Nashi-C (Pyrus calleryana Decaisne), an oriental rootstock pear, was investigated for 30 months in respect to seed cold storage, longevity, germination and seedling development. The seeds removed from mature fruits, were washed, dried, treated with Thiran and placed in closed botles under controlled environment (5-10oC) for thirty months. The seeds were stratified trimestrially over moist cotton substrate at 5oC for 40-60 days. One hundred percent germination ocurred until the 9th month, decreasing to 97, 94, 83 and 76% in the 12th, 18th, 24th, and 30th month of seed cold storage, with seedling emergency of 88, 89, 81, 76 and 70% respectivelly. The seedlings presented a rapid and vigorous growth, with average height of 141.5cm and diameter of 11.9mm, after twelve months from emergency. About 20% of the population showed abnormalities, with undesirable segregation.

Germinação de sementes e desenvolvimento inicial de plântulas de achachairu

The achachairu (Garcinia sp), a fruit widely grown in Bolivia, has been commercialized in Brazil for many years. The fruit is globular-oblong shaped, with a white succulent pulp, mucilaginous texture and a well balanced sweet-acid flavor (oBrix 15; pH 4.1). Due to the increasing interest in its cultivation in Brazil, this work was carried out aiming to study the seeds germination and seedling development throughout the first 12 months after seed emergence. The seeds, after being extracted from full ripe fruits were placed in a B.O.D. type chamber, under the following temperatures: 25, 30, 20-30 oC, as well as under room temperature (25±2 oC). The best result was given by the steady temperature of 30oC, with a germination of 92% and a germination speed index (GSI) of 0,255. At room temperature, seeds germination was low (30%), with a GSI of 0,015. Seedling development at greenhouse conditions was very slow mainly throughout the first weeks post emergence. The first pair of leaves appeared 25 days after seedling emergence, when seedlings averaged 8cm. From the eighth month on, many lateral branches were burst out, from the seedling medial portion towards the apical one.

CARACTERIZAÇÃO MORFOLÓGICA DE ACESSOS DE GERMOPLASMA DE QUATRO ESPÉCIES BRASILEIRAS DE AMENDOIM-SILVESTRE

Caracterizaram-se morfologicamente os acessos de germoplasma de especies silvestres brasileiras de amendoim do genero Arachis L., Sect. Arachis e analisaram-se a similaridade genetica entre acessos da mesma especie e entre as especies. Realizou-se o experimento nos anos agricolas de 1993 a 1996, no Nucleo Experimental de Campinas, do Instituto Agronomico (IAC). Avaliaram-se os acessos disponiveis no Banco Ativo de Germoplasma de Especies Silvestres de Arachis, da Embrapa Recursos Geneticos e Biotecnologia (CENARGEN - Brasilia, DF), das especies A. palustris Krapov., W.C. Gregory & Valls, A. decora Krapov., W.C. Gregory & Valls, A. praecox Krapov., W.C. Gregory & Valls e A. stenosperma Krapov. & W.C. Gregory, efetuando-se anotacoes fenotipicas quantitativas e qualitativas, conforme lista de descritores morfologicos. Observou-se que os acessos de A. stenosperma sao semelhantes, apesar da sua grande distância geografica, e diferem das demais especies, formando um grupo mais coeso. Caracteres como o diâmetro do eixo central e o comprimento dos frutos e das sementes serviram para distingui-la das demais especies. Arachis decora apresentou alta variacao entre acessos nos varios caracteres morfologicos estudados. A. palustris apresentou alta variacao morfologica entre acessos, ainda que tenham sido analisados apenas dois, para altura da planta, largura da semente, dimensoes do esporao, istmo, foliolo, raque e eixo central e quanto a presenca e ausencia de tricomas no foliolo. Arachis praecox, representada por um unico acesso, aproximou-se mais de A. decora que das demais especies.

Época de florescimento e horas de frio para pessegueiros e nectarineiras

Blossom dates for 41 peaches and nectarines accesses from the Active Gene Bank (BAG) of stone fruits were evaluated at Capao Bonito (SP), Brazil. Observations of flowering date (70% of opened flowers) were taken and compared to the chilling hours requirement (NHF) considering 7.2 and 13oC. The NHF was estimated using multiple regression equations based on maximum and minimum temperature. The accesses from the BAG were separated by cluster analysis into four groups for peaches and three for nectarines by cluster analysis. The following peaches accesses: IAC 2485-6, IAC 680-13 and Regis and for nectarine: IAC N 785- 9 showed flowering date before July 10th with NHF less than 40 and 500, below 7.2 and 13oC, respectively. The peach cultivars Eldorado, Diamante, Arlequim, Bolao, and Marli showed blossom dates after August 1st, requiring more than 70 and 650 NHF bellow 7.2 and 13oC, respectively. The main peach cultivars for Sao Paulo State like: Aurora-1, Douradao and Dourado-1, flowered from July 11 to 20 with NHF from 41 to 50 bellow 7.2oC and from 501 to 560 bellow 13oC.

Evolution and perspective of the temperate fruit crops in São Paulo state, Brazil

This work was carried out to show the current situation of the temperate fruit crops in Sao Paulo state, Brazil, with an emphasis on grapes, peaches, apples, plums, nectarines and pears crops. Current economic data of crops, major growing regions, main cultivars produced, as well as the new technologies generated by research are presented. Regarding the grape crop, a decrease in the national production as well as in the major growing states was observed. The main grapes growing centers in Sao Paulo state are presented, highlighting its peculiarities regarding cultivars, cultural crop management and current researches. A trend has been observed toward increasing Niagara Rosada grape growing area rather than the fine table grape cultivars. It was also observed the adoption of cultural practices, aiming to increase productivity, to improve the fruits quality and to reduce manpower necessity. In terms of stone fruits, peaches are the most widely cultivated in Sao Paulo state, followed by plums and nectarines. Both for stone fruits crop and for apples and pears crops, statistics and comments are presented on the crops evolution as well as the current researches results and the requirements of these fruit crops in Sao Paulo state, Brazil.

Cultura de embriões in vitro para o melhoramento de pessegueiros precoces

This papar compares the results of an embryo culture with those of the usual seed stratification process. One hundred seeds obtained from early ripening peach were stratified either immediately after extraction from fruits (50 seeds) or after exposure to room temperature for 96 hours (50 seeds). Embryos from mature fruits were cultured aseptically in vitro on nutrient media containing the macro and microelements of Murashige & Skoog, inusitol, thiamine, nicotinic acid, glycine, GA3, sucrose and agar at 50C for 50 days. Results showed that the culture media increased the seed germination as compared with the stratification treatments. The embryo-culture technique had the highest percentage of germination and of the seedlings and could well be used in the breeding program to shorten the ripening cycles of peaches.

Desempenho produtivo de nespereiras enxertadas em marmeleiro 'Portugal'

The objective of this work was to compare the performance of five loquat selections grafted on quince seedlings and on loquat seedlings. The following selections were assessed: IAC 966-23, IAC 265-66, IAC 1467-25, Mizauto (IAC 167-4) and Mizumo (IAC 1567-411). The selections were grafted in rooted cuttings of quince cultivar Portugal (planted at the field with an spacing of 4x2 m, corresponding to a density of 1,250 plants ha-1) and in loquat seedlings (planted at the field with an spacing of 7x4 m, corresponding to a density of 357 plants ha-1). The experiments were carried in Monte Alegre do Sul, SP, Brazil. Production (kg and number of the fruits per plant), fruit average mass (g) and productivity (Mg ha-1), along three years of plantation at the field, were evaluated. After the last harvest, the average of all harvests was calculated. The IAC 265-66 selection showed the best performance when grafted on quince and loquat rootstocks. Despite the lower production, there was no difference in productive between quince and loquat as rootstocks. The use of quince as rootstock is an option for loquat cultivation, mainly due to the plant size reduction and consequently, the easier cultural practices.

Early grafting of macadamia-nut seedlings

The difficulty of obtainning good grafted seedlings has been a hindronce to establish commercial macadamia-nut orchards in Brazil. The current procedure takes from two to three years in the nursery for grafted macadamia to be transplanted in the field. This article reports an experiment where the grafting of macadamia seedlings raised in plastic bags was compared to the usual method of propagation. The results indicated the feasibility of making good one-year-old grafted macadamia-nut young trees.

Comportamento do pêssego 'Flordaprince': nova seleção bem precoce introduzida da Flórida

Flordaprince (Fla. 5-2) is a new early red skin yellow fleshed peach cultivar selected at the Florida Agricultural Experiment Station for its adaptation to the mild winter of central Florida, U.S.A. It was introduced in 1979 in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, where its behavior in the local climatic conditions has been observed. The low chilling requirement (about 150 hours below 7.2 oC), high tree vigor and productiveness, beautiful appearance and early ripening of fruits are characteristics that justify its inclusion in the commercial plots in Sao Paulo and in the peach breeding program of the Instituto Agronomico.