Carina Scherer

Exigências nutricionais de cálcio e fósforo de codornas de corte em crescimento

Three experiments were carried out to estimate the calcium and phosphorus requirements of meat quail. In the first experiment (1-14 days of age), 1,250 meat quails were placed in a 5 × 5 factorial arrangement (calcium levels = 0.65, 0.76, 0.87, 0.98 and 1.09% × phosphorus levels = 0.12, 0.22, 0.32, 0.42 and 0.52%), totaling 25 treatments, with two replications of 25 birds per experimental unit. The different calcium levels did not affect bird performance. Body weight, weight gain and optic density were influenced in a quadratic form by phosphorus levels and the phosphorus requirement was estimated at 0.41%. The levels of 0.65% calcium and 0.41% phosphorus in diet were enough to meet the requirement of initial phase meat quail. In the second experiment (15-35 days of age), 1,500 meat quails were placed in a 5 × 5 factorial arrangement (calcium levels = 0.61, 0.71, 0.81, 0.91 and 1.01% × phosphorus levels = 0.29, 0.34, 0.39, 0.44 and 0.49%), totaling 25 treatments, with two replications of 30 birds per experimental unit. Differences were not observed of the calcium and phosphorus levels on bird performance. Optic density was influenced in a quadratic form by phosphorus levels and the phosphorus requirement was estimated at 0.41%. In the third experiment, to assess the calcium and phosphorus balance (28-35 days of age), a linear effect was observed on the calcium intake and excretion with the increase in the calcium levels in the diets. The levels of 0.61% calcium and 0.41% phosphorus in the diet were enough to meet the requirement of finishing meat quail. The calcium levels did not affect bird performance at 1-14 and 15-35 days of age, showing, respectively, 0.65 and 0.61% calcium levels were enough to meet the of meat quail requirement. The estimate of 0.41% phosphorus promoted performance of finishing meat quail.

Utilização da casca de café na alimentação de suínos nas fases de crescimento e terminação

Two experiments were carried out to determine the nutritional values of sticky (SC) and dry coffee hulls (DC) and their effects on the performance and carcass quality of growing and finishing pigs. The hulls were ground in 2.5 mm (for SC2 and DC2) and 4.0 mm (SC4 and DC4). In Exp 1, two digestibility assays were carried out with 15 barrow pigs weighting 45.7 ± 4.12 kg and 77.5 ± 6.28 kg for growing and finishing phases, respectively. The digestible energy (DE) values (kcal/kg) for SC2, SC4, DC2 and DC4 were 2,494, 2498, 1,236 and 1,345. The values of the SC showed DE values superior to DC, however, the grinding process did not improved the DE values. In experiment 2, 40 crossbred pigs were used, averaging initially 33.42 ± 0.53 kg and 59.45 ± 0.14 kg in the growing and finishing phases, respectively. Five SC4 inclusion levels (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%) were evaluated. In the growing phase, the daily feed intake (DFI) presented differences for 20% inclusion level when compared with control diet (CD). There was a linear decrease on daily weight gain (DWG) when DC4 increase on diet and F: G ratio was the same for CM4 inclusions and CD. In the finishing phase, there was a linear reduction of DFI with the increasing inclusion SC4 level. There was quadratic effect for DWG, which was better in the inclusion of 8.43%. The backfat thickness values in SC4 treatments were lower as compared to CD in both phases. There was a linear reduction of hot carcass weight and ham weight in the inclusion levels. The hot carcass yielding worst in each inclusion levels as compared to CD. The results suggest that the inclusion up to 5.0% of SC4 in the growing phase and 9.5% in the finishing phase, because it is economically viable with no effect on performance, besides to produce lean meat carcasses.

Efeito dos teores de cálcio para poedeiras semipesadas durante a fase de pré-postura e no início da postura

The effect of feeding increasing calcium levels for semi-heavy laying hens during the prelay phase and its effects in the four subsequent weeks were evaluated in this trial. Two hundred and eighty-eight Isabrown birds with 16 weeks of age were allotted to a complete randomized design with four treatments, eight replicates and nine birds per experimental unit. The corn and soybean meal-based diets were formulated to meet the bird nutrient requirements, with the exception of calcium levels. The experiment lasted six weeks, when the birds were fed four prelay diets with increasing calcium levels (0.6, 1.2, 1.8, and 2.4%) in the period from 16 to 17 weeks of age. During the four subsequent weeks, a diet with 3.8% of calcium was fed for all birds. No treatment effect on weight gain, age at first egg and ash content in the shell of first egg was observed, however linear effect on calcium level retained in the shell was detected. In the four subsequent weeks, the different calcium levels fed in the prelay phase did not affect feed intake, egg production, feed:gain ratio, weights of eggs and shell, shell thickness and calcium concentration in the shell. Shell weight in relation to egg weight, shell weight per unit of area surface and ash content in the shell were affected linearly by treatments. The calcium levels in the prelay diet not affect egg internal and external quality during the first four weeks of laying. The 0.6% calcium nutritional level is recommended for semi-heavy laying hens in the prelay phase.

Exigência de energia metabolizável de codornas de corte no período de 1 a 14 dias de idade

This experiment was carried out to estimate the metabolizable energy (ME) requirements for meat quails from 1 to 14 days of age. A total of 1,140 1-day old meat quails were distributed in a completely randomized design, with five treatments (2,750; 2,850; 2,950; 3,050 and 3,150 kcal of ME/kg), six replications and 38 quails per experimental unit. There was linear reduction of energy levels in body weight, feed intake and weight gain of birds. The feed conversion ratio showed a quadratic effect, with the best estimate obtained with 2,997 kcal of ME/kg. Whereas crude protein content did not differ, water content decreased and ether extract increased linearly with the increasing levels of ME. The ME levels showed a quadratic effect on daily protein accretion rate and daily protein accretion efficiency. The ME requirements for meat quail in the initial growing stage is 2,997 kcal/kg, corresponding to a metabolizable energy/crude protein relation of 108.9.

Nutritional requirements of digestible threonine for growing meat-type quails

The objective of this study was to estimate the nutrient requirements of digestible threonine for meat-type quails (Coturnix coturnix sp) in the growth phase. A total of 1350 not sexed meat-type quails were distributed in a completely randomized design with six threonine levels (10.80, 11.50, 12.20, 12.90, 13.60 and 14.30 g/kg as fed), five replications and 45 quails per experimental unit, from 1 to 14 days of age. The threonine levels in the diet had a quadratic effect on body weight, feed intake and weight gain. Estimates for highest body weight (79.41 g), feed intake (128.96 g/bird) and weight gain (70.73 g) were observed with diets containing 12.60 g/kg of digestible threonine. According to the LRP model, the threonine intake was estimated at 13.40 g/kg of digestible threonine. Protein deposition rate and energy retained in the carcass showed quadratic effect, with estimated digestible threonine levels of 11.80 and 12.00 g/kg in the diet for maximum protein deposition rate (2.00 g/bird) and retained energy in the carcass (15.88 kcal/g), respectively. There was a linear effect on feed cost per kg of live weight gain as threonine levels were increased. Nutritional requirement of digestible threonine for meat-type quails for maximum growth is 12.60 g/kg, corresponding to a digestible threonine:digestible lysine ratio of 67.02.

Nutritional evaluation of cassava root silage with or without whole soybean for nursery piglets

Two experiments were carried out to determine nutritive value and verify performance of piglets fed diets with by cassava root silage with or without whole soybean. In the first experiment, 15 crossbred barrows with initial BW of 21.90 ± 2.54 kg were allotted to a split plot design, whole plot (animals) and plot (time) with five diets and six repetitions. Four cassava root silages were evaluated: without inoculant (CA), with inoculant (CI), with integral soy (CS), and with integral soy and inoculant (CSI). The digestible values of dry matter, protein and ether extract of CS and CSI silages and of starch, organic matter and energy andthe metabolizable energy were 80.95, 1.82, 75.01, 77.31%, 3,249 and 3,184 kcal/kg for CA; 82.30, 1.95, 74.65, 81.81%, 3,292 and 3,271 kcal/kg for CI; 80.08, 6.69, 2.35, 64.18, 79.25%, 3,452 and 3,370 kcal/kg for CS and 79.22, 6.73, 2.20, 66.79, 78.46%, 3,342 and 3,303 kcal/kg for CSI, respectively, based on 85.45% dry matter. The use of inoculant bacterial enzyme was not effective to improve nutrients digestibility. In the second experiment, 36 crossbred piglets with initial 14.67±1.07 kg BW were assigned to a completely randomized design in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement (feed and weight classes), with six replications and two piglets per experimental unit. The treatments consisted of a corn-soy meal based diet and other two diets with total cornreplacement by cassava root silage with or without whole soybean. The offer of cassava silage + soybean decreased average daily gain, while the cassava silage + soybean and corn-soy meal based diet worst feed:gain of the piglets. Cassava root silage, with or without whole soybean, showed higher nutritive value and could be used without restriction in piglet feeding in the initial phase.

Digestible tryptophan requirements of meat quails in the growth phase

The objective of this experiment was to estimate the digestible tryptophan (DTrp) requirements for growing meat quails. In the first experiment (1-14 days of age), 1,950 quails were distributed in a completely randomized design, with six levels of DTrp (0.27; 0.30; 0.33; 0.36; 0.39 and 0.42% of diet), five replications and 65 quails per experimental unit. There was a linear increase of feed intake, tryptophan intake, weight gain and body weight with the DTrp levels increase. In the second experiment (15-35 days of age), 1,350 quails were distributed in a completely randomized design, with six levels of DTrp (0.22; 0.25; 0.28; 0.31; 0.34 and 0.37% of diet), five replications and 45 quails per experimental unit. There was a linear increase for tryptophan intake, carcass yield, ash levels and protein deposition rate with the DTrp levels increase. In the third experiment (28-35 days of age), conducted to determine the nitrogen balance, 150 males were housed in galvanized wire cages featuring drinker, feeder and individual metal tray lined with plastic to collect the excreta. The design was completely randomized, with six levels of DTrp (0.22; 0.25; 0.28; 0.31; 0.34 and 0.37% of diet), five replicates and five quails per experimental unit. Linear decrease was observed on the nitrogen balance and metabolization coefficient with the DTrp levels increase. The nutritional requirement of digestible tryptophan for maximum growing of meat quail, in the period from 1 to 14 days of age, is higher or equal to 0.42%; in the period from 15 to 35 days, it is 0.22%.