Fernando Augusto Ramos Pontes

A transmissão da cultura da brincadeira: algumas possibilidades de investigação

This article outlines possibilities of investigating factors related to the transmission of play culture. Play is actively implicated in social learning, where, among other things, routines, vocabulary, types of rules and a interactions are learned. We believe that a thorough investigation of these factors, as well as a study of these playnrelated categories are important. Not only because they provide opportunities for a complete description of play and occurrence of learning in a natural setting, but also because they serve as indicators for understanding the relationships between groups of children, their socialization, and involvement as agents of cultural transmission.

Brazilian Mothers’ Beliefs About Child-Rearing Practices

Mothers’ beliefs about their practices in different Brazilian contexts were investigated in this study. A sample of 350 primiparous Brazilian mothers from seven cities, each from one of the five geographic regions of the country, participated in this study. As part of a major project, mothers answered an inventory concerning their beliefs about practices of child care and a sociodemographic questionnaire. Factorial analysis revealed three factors, named Proper Presentation (the importance mothers attribute to parental practices oriented by socially accepted daily rules), Stimulation (the importance attributed by mothers to practices that stimulate their children’s development), and Responsiveness and Bonding (the importance attributed by mothers to the immediate responses to children’s needs and to a bond of intense proximity and protection).The sample studied valued most Proper Presentation, followed by Stimulation. Less importance was attributed to Responsiveness and Bonding. Mothers’ educational level was a predictor of scores on Stimulation, and fathers’ educational level was a predictor of scores on Proper Presentation. Some regional differences were identified regarding Proper Presentation. A general model that encompasses aspects of socialization for group interaction and also cognitive and social stimulation seems to be shared by mothers of the different geographic regions of the country. This model is influenced by educational level and cultural conditions. Future studies need to address the development of instruments to analyze Brazilian parental cultural models and the implications of these models to children’s development.

Diferenças de gêneros nos grupos de brincadeira na rua: a hipótese de aproximação unilateral

This study examined aspects of sex differentiation among children and adolescents engaged in play activities in the street. The participants included 668 individuals between the ages of one and 18 years (245 girls and 423 boys), residing near three streets in a peri-urban area of Belem, during a one-year period. Scan sampling was utilized and the following variables were recorded: the identity and number of participants, group composition, type of play activity, age and play locale. There were gender differences related to the frequency of participation and types of activity. Although males were more numerous than females in the street, and play activities were largely sex-typified and segregated, females tended to participate in masculine dominant activities. The data on group composition, segregation, typology, game and toy preference lead us to infer the presence of gender-related unilateral approximation.

Processos de saúde e doença entre crianças institucionalizadas: uma visão ecológica

Este artigo discute aspectos do processo de saude e doenca entre criancas assistidas em um abrigo infantil de Belem, entre 2004 a 2005. Os dados foram coletados em fontes documentais e por meio de entrevista com tecnicos da instituicao. De um total de 287 criancas, constatou-se que 49,47% apresentavam doencas, deficiencias e lesoes corporais quando do seu encaminhamento ao abrigo, que podem ser associadas a situacao de pobreza e negligencia familiar experimentadas desde o nascimento. Em relacao ao periodo de permanencia na instituicao, verificou-se que as criancas contrairam doencas infecto-contagiosas (42,5%) e manifestaram problemas de ordem emocional (18,83%), que podem estar relacionados as caracteristicas ambientais da instituicao proporcao adulto/crianca inadequada (1:8), superlotacao do espaco (75/mes). Os resultados permitem concluir que a condicao de saude das criancas traduz as situacoes de privacao material e emocional a que foram submetidas no convivio com a familia e ao longo de sua permanencia no abrigo. Nesses termos, os processos de saude e doenca sao discutidos a partir de uma perspectiva ecologica, que reconhece fatores biologicos, sociais e culturais que constituem a familia e o abrigo como contextos de desenvolvimento da crianca institucionalizada.

Sensibilidade materna durante o banho

The theory of the attachment has been considering the mother-child relation as a determinant of the development. Its quality has been being related with the sensibility of the caretaker, and consequently with the quality of the relations with its own caretakers. Recently, maternal sensibility has been related with several factors such as social class and education. The goal of the present work is to investigate some variables that influence the maternal sensibility in the bath situation. Sixty baths given by mothers belonging to low or average classes were filmed. The dyads were constituted by mothers that had between 18 to 40 years and children of 0 to 1 year old. Sensitive behaviors were less frequent among mothers of low class than among mothers of middle class, which were more educated, older and which have the possibility to share the care of their infant with someone. These results suggest that the maternal sensibility is a phenomenon related to sociocultural variables.

Abrigo para crianças de 0 a 6 anos: um olhar sobre as diferentes concepções e suas interfaces

Este artigo procura sistematizar referenciais e concepcoes presentes na literatura que tem orientado a discussao sobre o que sao e como funcionam os abrigos para criancas na faixa-etaria de 0 a 6 anos. Nesse sentido, apresenta e discute concepcoes que definem o abrigo enquanto 1) instrumento da politica de protecao social a infância, 2) instituicao asilar infantil, 3) ambiente coletivo de cuidado e 4) contexto ecologico do desenvolvimento humano. O tom paradoxal que marca a relacao entre protecao e risco em estudos sobre a qualidade do ambiente fisico e social em instituicoes de abrigo e discutido em funcao da natureza complexa dessa modalidade de cuidado infantil e as implicacoes de suas caracteristicas contextuais para o desenvolvimento da crianca institucionalizada. Palavras-chave: infância, crianca institucionalizada, abrigo para criancas, desenvolvimento infantil, cuidado infantil.

Criação e manutenção de brinquedotecas: reflexões acerca do desenvolvimento de parcerias

O objetivo deste trabalho e fazer uma reflexao acerca da pratica de instalar e manter brinquedotecas. O relato aqui apresentado refere-se a experiencia de nossa equipe, no periodo de 1997 a 1999, na prestacao de assessoria entre a Universidade e instituicoes escolares com o objetivo de criar e manter funcionando brinquedotecas. Este relato tambem enfatiza alguns fatores instrumentais e a continuidade destes programas.

Rede Social e Papéis de Gênero de Casais Ribeirinhos de uma Comunidade Amazônica

This study describes the social network of two couples from a bordering community (Araraiana River, Municipality Ponta de Pedras, Marajo Island/Para). Data were collected through a socio demographic inventory, a routine inventory and a field diary and analyzed by a network map. It was observed that the relation of the couples is based on economic and work alliances, company for leisure or religious activity. It has also been found that these relationships are marked by gender patterns which delimit the environments of daily activities, define the status that each one holds in the family and condition the formation of bonds in social networks.

Atividades acadêmicas na rotina de crianças ribeirinhas participantes do Programa Bolsa Família

Esta pesquisa objetivou classificar as atividades de ir para a escola, fazer o dever de casa e leitura na rotina de criancas beneficiarias do Programa Bolsa Familia, residentes de uma ilha na Amazonia. Os participantes foram 30 criancas: 16 do sexo feminino e 14 do sexo masculino. Foram utilizados os Inventarios Sociodemografico e o de Rotina. Os principais resultados mostram que, em dias de semana, a atividade de ir para a escola ocupa 16% de um dia, o dever de casa atinge 3%, nao havendo dedicacao a leitura fora do ambiente escolar. No fim de semana, as criancas nao realizam dever de casa ou leituras. A participacao dos pais na rotina dos filhos e restrita, ficando as criancas 44% do seu dia realizando tarefas de rotina sozinhas. Acoes especificas de envolvimento e capacitacao das familias ribeirinhas sao necessarias de forma que possam incluir mais atividades academicas na rotina das criancas.

Fatores de risco e proteção na escola : reprovação e expectativas de futuro de jovens paraenses

In this study we investigate the relations existing amid school failure, perceptions concerning the school and expectations of future among young people, from data of a sample of 610 young people with ages between 14 and 24 years (m=16,56; dp=2,37), of both sexes, students from public schools of Belem city in Para state. A questionnaire with 77 multiple choice questions was used. The results revealed that almost half of students already presented school failure, although they present good perception concerning the school. Correlations between school disapproval and low expectations of academic future and between good perceptions concerning the school and best academic expectations were observed. The expectation of having access to the university appeared more associated to female sex. The results may contribute to the understanding of the importance of the school in promoting protective factors in the learners development.Este estudo investigou as relacoes entre reprovacao escolar, percepcoes quanto a escola e expectativas de futuro entre jovens, a partir de dados de uma amostra de 610 jovens com idades entre 14 a 24 anos (m=16,56; dp=2,37), de ambos os sexos, estudantes de escolas publicas da cidade de Belem do Para. Foi utilizado um questionario com 77 questoes de multipla escolha. Os resultados revelaram que quase 50% dos alunos ja sofreram reprovacao escolar, embora apresentem boa percepcao quanto a escola. Foram observadas correlacoes entre reprovacao escolar e baixas expectativas de futuro academico e entre boas percepcoes quanto a escola e melhores perspectivas academicas. A expectativa de entrar na universidade apareceu mais associada ao sexo feminino. Os resultados poderao contribuir para o entendimento da importância da instituicao escolar na promocao de fatores de protecao no desenvolvimento.