Maria Eugênia Moreira Costa Ferreira

Observações sobre o comportamento de flebotomíneos em ecótopos florestais e extraflorestais, em área endêmica de leishmaniose tegumentar americana, no norte do Estado do Paraná, sul do Brasil

Between November 1988 and April 1990, 75,637 phlebotomines were captured with the use of Falcao light traps on Palmital farm in the north of Parana State, Brazil. Fifteen species were represented. The percentage of 95.8% of the insects were captured within the domiciliary area and the remaining 4.2% in the forest environment. The percentage of 62 were captured in one single Falcao light trap installed in a henhouse, where Blancasmya migonei predominated. In all the other traps Psychodopygus whilmani was predominant. B. migonei, P. whitmani, Pintomyia pessoai, Pintomyia fischeri and Psychodopygus intermedius are highly significant vectors of American cutaneous leishmaniasis and represented 93.8% of all phlebotomines captured with 10 Falcao light traps. The monthly densities of these insects were obtained from one Falcao light trap installed in a henhouse and increased especially in the warmer and more humid months. In the forest environment the phlebotomines were captured principally in traps installed about 10 meters above the ground and P. whilmani, B. migonei, P. intermedius, Brumptomyia brumpti, Psychodopygus monticola and P. pessoai were the dominant species. The need for information about the epidemiology of American cutaneous leishmaniasis calls for further investigation with a view to clarifying the implications of the relationship between the phlebotomines and domestic animals in the Leishmania cycle of transmission in domiciliary areas.Between November 1988 and April 1990, 75,637 phlebotomines were captured with the use of Falcão light traps on Palmital farm in the north of Paraná State, Brazil. Fifteen species were represented. The percentage of 95.8% of the insects were captured within the domiciliary area and the remaining 4.2% in the forest environment. The percentage of 62 were captured in one single Falcão light trap installed in a henhouse, where Blancasmya migonei predominated. In all the other traps Psychodopygus whitmani was predominant. B. migonei, P. whitmani, Pintomyia pessoai, Pintomyia fischeri and Psychodopygus intermedius are highly significant vectors of American cutaneous leishmaniasis and represented 93.8% of all phlebotomines captured with 10 Falcão light traps. The monthly densities of these insects were obtained from one Falcão light trap installed in a henhouse and increased especially in the warmer and more humid months. In the forest environment the phlebotomines were captured principally in traps installed about 10 meters above the ground and P. whitmani, B. migonei, P. intermedius, Brumptomyia brumpti, Psychodopygus monticola and P. pessoai were the dominant species. The need for information about the epidemiology of American cutaneous leishmaniasis calls for further investigation with a view to clarifying the implications of the relationship between the phlebotomines and domestic animals in the Leishmania cycle of transmission in domiciliary areas.De novembro de 1988 a abril de 1990 capturaram-se 75.637 flebotomineos, com armadilhas luminosas de Falcao, na fazenda Palmital, Norte do Estado do Parana, Brasil, resultando quinze especies. Dos insetos capturados, 95,8% o foram nos ambientes domiciliar e peridomiciliar e os restantes 4,2%, no ambiente florestal. Da totalidade de flebotomineos, 82,0% foram capturados numa armadilha instalada dentro de um abrigo de galinhas. Dos flebotomineos capturados em todas as armadilhas, 93,8% eram representados pelas especies Lutzomyia migonei, Lutzomyia whitmani, Lutzomyia pessoai, Lutzomyia fischeri e Lutzomyia intermedia, todas de relevância na epidemiologia da leishmaniose tegumentar americana. L. migonei prevaleceu numa unica armadilha do peridomicilio e nas demais prevaleceu L. whitmani. As densidades mensais desses insetos, obtidas usando-se somente os resultados da armadilha instalada dentro do galinheiro, foram elevadas principalmente nos meses mais quentes e umidos. No ambiente florestal predominou a acrodendrofilia dos flebotomineos, pois 87,9% deles foram capturados nas armadilhas instaladas a aproximadamente 10 m do solo, havendo predominio de L. whitmani, L. fischeri, L. migonei, L. intermedia, Brumptomyia brumpti, L. monticola e L. pessoai. A carencia de informacoes sobre a epidemiologia da leishmaniose no Estado do Parana indica que sao necessarios estudos que venham esclarecer quais sao as implicacoes das relacoes flebotomineos/animais domesticos na cadeia de transmissao de Leishmania no domicilio e peridomicilio.

Leishmaniose tegumentar americana: flebotomíneos de área de transmissão no Norte do Paraná, Brasil

Dos casos de leishmaniose tegumentar diagnosticados no Laboratorio de Ensino e Pesquisa de Analises Clinicas da Universidade Estadual de Maringa-PR (Brasil), a maioria esta relacionada a areas, no Norte do Parana, que vem sendo ocupadas desde a decada de 1940, quando se iniciou extenso desmatamento naquela Regiao. A vegetacao nativa, ja em grande parte destruida, e constituida por mata densa do tipo tropical de transicao para subtropical. A paisagem no seu conjunto e de planalto, com clima tropical de transicao para subtropical, temperaturas medias anuais entre 20°C e 22°C e media do mes mais quente superior a 22°C. Das florestas nativas restam poucas e esparsas manchas de vegetacao, geralmente modificadas, ao longo das bacias dos rios Ivai, Paranapanema e Parana, e seus afluentes. Neste ambiente foram feitas 24 capturas de flebotomineos, 2 por mes, de outubro de 1986 a setembro de 1987, das 18 horas a l hora do dia seguinte. As capturas, com armadilhas de Shannon, foram realizadas as margens de mata modificada, tendo sido classificados 16.496 flebotomineos, pertencentes na sua quase totalidade a 13 especies. Observou-se prevalencia de Lutzomyia whitmani com 11.188 (67,82%) exemplares, seguido por Lutzomyia intermedia com 2.900 (17,58%) e Lutzomyia migonei com 1.491 (9,03%). Lutzomyia whitmani e Lutzomyia intermedia vem mostrando grande capacidade de adaptacao nos ambientes antropicos, onde tem destacado papel na transmissao de leishmaniose.

Flebotomíneos em área de transmissão de leishmaniose tegumentar na região norte do Estado do Paraná - Brasil: Variação Sazonal e Atividade Noturna

No periodo de dois anos de capturas de flebotomineos com armadilha luminosa de Shannon, as margens de uma mata residual alterada, na fazenda Palmital, Municipio de Terra Boa, Estado do Parana, Brasil, observou-se que a densidade populacional desses insetos diminuiu sensivelmente, quando comparada com resultados anteriores, no mesmo local. As especies predominantes, Lutzomyia whitmani, Lutzomyia migonei, Lutzomyia intermedius e Lutzomyia fischeri tiveram atividade das 18 as 6h e o pico horario de frequencia variou de acordo com cada especie. As especies citadas mostraram maior densidade nos meses de verao e outono. Concluem-se que as alteracoes introduzidas no ambiente podem ter resultado em mudancas no comportamento dos flebotomineos.

Distribuição geográfica e características epidemiológicas da leishmaniose tegumentar americana em áreas de colonização antiga do Estado do Paraná, Sul do Brasil

This study analyzes the epidemiology of American tegumentary leishmaniasis in the municipalities of the Central North, Central West, and Northwest mesoregions of Paraná State, Brazil. Diagnosis of American tegumentary leishmaniasis cases was performed at the State University in Maringá from 1987 to 2004. According to the probable site of infection, cases were classified as autochthonous (infection inside the household domain) or allochthonous (outside the household domain). Municipalities with the most cases were Maringá (458), Doutor Camargo (126), São Jorge do Ivaí (121), Terra Boa (114), Cianorte (98), and Colorado (95). Of the total of 1,938 cases, 66.9% were male. Among the 667 autochthonous cases, similar numbers of men and women were infected, with cases in minors as young as five years of age, with the latter not occurring in the 794 allochthonous cases. Conditions favoring American tegumentary leishmaniasis were created in the processes involved in occupying the rural areas of these mesoregions, particularly in the agricultural settlement model and the crisis in coffee monoculture.

Pólos de produção de leishmaniose tegumentar americana no norte do Estado do Paraná, Brasil

American tegumentary leishmaniasis is endemic in the State of Paraná, with 99.3% of the cases reported in the South of Brazil. Spatial distribution of the disease in northern Paraná was verified, identifying the most relevant geographic areas in epidemiological terms. The study used data recorded on epidemiological forms from the Teaching and Research Clinical Test Laboratory of the State University in Maringá, from 1987 to 2004. The study only included individuals that were infected in the municipalities (counties) in northern Paraná. Identification of the epidemiological units (poles and circuits) was based on spatial density of cases, according to the model proposed by the National Health Foundation, considering the most likely infection sites. Considering 1,933 reported cases, 1,611 were infected in northern Paraná. American tegumentary leishmaniasis distribution in Paraná State suggests two circuits for production of the disease: Paraná-Paranapanema, highlighting the Cinzas-Laranjinha, Tibagi, Ivaí-Pirapó, Piquiri, and Baixo Iguaçu poles, and Ribeira, highlighting the Alto Ribeira pole.No Estado do Parana, a leishmaniose tegumentar americana e endemica, com 99,3% dos casos registrados no Sul do Brasil. Verifica-se a distribuicao geografica da doenca no norte desse estado, identificando-se as areas territoriais de maior importância epidemiologica. O estudo foi realizado com dados registrados em fichas epidemiologicas do Laboratorio de Ensino e Pesquisa em Analises Clinicas da Universidade Estadual de Maringa, de 1987 a 2004. Consideraram-se apenas os individuos que se infectaram nos municipios no norte do Parana. A identificacao das unidades epidemiologicas (polos e circuitos) foi feita com base na densidade espacial dos casos, conforme o modelo da Fundacao Nacional de Saude, considerando-se as localidades mais provaveis de infeccao. De 1.933 casos de leishmaniose tegumentar americana registrados, 1.611 se infectaram em areas no norte do Parana. A distribuicao da endemia no Estado do Parana sugere a existencia de dois circuitos de producao da doenca: circuito Parana-Paranapanema, onde se destacam os polos Cinzas-Laranjinha, Tibagi, Ivai-Pirapo, Piquiri e Baixo Iguacu, e circuito Ribeira, onde se destaca o polo Alto Ribeira.

Culicidae of Itaipu lake, Paraná River, southern Brazil

Mosquito catches were made in Guaira county, Parana State, southern Brazil, in the vicinity of Itaipu dam, from January to December 1991. The catches were made with a Shannon light trap and human bait. The Shannon light trap was installed beside the highway that used, formerly, to lead to the Sete Quedas cataracts and the human bait was used in the urban area. Data about the Culicidae fauna were obtained as to predominant species, seasonal variation, time of highest density and affinity with human host. Forty-one species were identified as belonging to the Anopheles, Aedes, Aedomyia, Coquillettidia, Culex, Mansonia, Psorophora and Uranotaenia genera. With the Shannon light trap 21,280 mosquitoes were caught and with human bait 1,010. In the catches made with the Shannon light trap, Coquillettidia shannoni, Mansonia humeralis, Anopheles trianulatus, Aedes scapularis and Anopheles albitarsis accounted for 82.78% of all mosquitoes taken. In the catches made on human bait the highest densities of these mosquitoes occurred between 7 p.m. and 9 p.m. Aedes scapularis, Mansonia humeralis and Anopheles albitarsis represented 91,21% of all mosquitoes caugth with human bait. The highest densities of Aedes scapularis, on human bait, were found between 8 p.m. and 9 p.m. and those of Mansonia humeralis and Anopheles albitarsis between 6 p.m. and 7 p.m. Among the genera caught with the Shannon ligth trap Coquillettidia shannoni, Mansonia humeralis and Anopheles albitarsis were most frequent in April, Anopheles triannulatus in January and Aedes scapularis in February.Mosquito catches were made in Guaíra county, Paraná State, southern Brazil, in the vicinity of Itaipu dam, from January to December 1991. The catches were made with a Shannon light trap and human bait. The Shannon light trap was installed beside the highway that used, formerly, to lead to the Sete Quedas cataracts and the human bait was used in the urban area. Data about the Culicidae fauna were obtained as to predominant species, seasonal variation, time of highest density and affinity with human host. Forty-one species were identified as belonging to the Anopheles, Aedes, Aedomyia, Coquillettidia, Culex, Mansonia, Psorophora and Uranotaenia genera. With the Shannon light trap 21,280 mosquitoes were caught and with human bait 1,010. In the catches made with the Shannon light trap, Coquillettidia shannoni, Mansonia humeralis, Anopheles trianulatus, Aedes scapularis and Anopheles albitarsis accounted for 82.78% of all mosquitoes taken. In the catches made on human bait the highest densities of these mosquitoes occurred between 7 p.m. and 9 p.m. Aedes scapularis, Mansonia humeralis and Anopheles albitarsis represented 91.21% of all mosquitoes caught with human bait. The highest densities of Aedes scapularis, on human bait, were found between 8 p.m. and 9 p.m. and those of Mansonia humeralis and Anopheles albitarsis between 6 p.m. and 7 p.m. Among the genera caught with the Shannon light trap Coquillettidia shannoni, Mansonia humeralis and Anopheles albitarsis were most frequent in April, Anopheles triannulatus in January and Aedes scapularis in February.

Mosquitos de ambientes peri e extradomiciliares na região sul do Brasil

Durante um ano de coletas de culicideos no Municipio de Querencia do Norte, no Estado do Parana, Brasil, utilizando-se isca humana e armadilhas de Falcao, investigou-se a composicao faunistica, a sazonalidade, o horario de maior densidade, a afinidade ao hospedeiro humano c a presenca desses dipteros em abrigos de animais domesticos. De junho de 1989 a maio de 1990 foram coletados 5.923 mosquitos dos generos Aedes, Aedomyia, Coquillettidia, Culex, Mansonia, Psorophora, Sabethes e Uranotaenia. Identificaram-se 32 especies de culicideos, dentre as quais Aedes scapularis, Anopheles albitarsis, Aedomyia squamipennis, Coquillettidia lynchi, Mansonia titillans e Coquillettidia venezuelensis tiveram maior prevalencia, tendo sido capturados em grande numero em isca humana, exceto Aedomyia squamipennis que compareceu sobretudo em abrigos de animais domesticos. O horario de maior atividade foi entre 18 e 19 horas e o mes de maior densidade foi o de abril, considerando-se o conjunto dos insetos capturados.Durante um ano de coletas de culicideos no Municipio de Querencia do Norte, no Estado do Parana, Brasil, utilizando-se isca humana e armadilhas de Falcao, investigou-se a composicao faunistica, a sazonalidade, o horario de maior densidade, a afinidade ao hospedeiro humano c a presenca desses dipteros em abrigos de animais domesticos. De junho de 1989 a maio de 1990 foram coletados 5.923 mosquitos dos generos Aedes, Aedomyia, Coquillettidia, Culex, Mansonia, Psorophora, Sabethes e Uranotaenia. Identificaram-se 32 especies de culicideos, dentre as quais Aedes scapularis, Anopheles albitarsis, Aedomyia squamipennis, Coquillettidia lynchi, Mansonia titillans e Coquillettidia venezuelensis tiveram maior prevalencia, tendo sido capturados em grande numero em isca humana, exceto Aedomyia squamipennis que compareceu sobretudo em abrigos de animais domesticos. O horario de maior atividade foi entre 18 e 19 horas e o mes de maior densidade foi o de abril, considerando-se o conjunto dos insetos capturados.

Can Equids Be a Reservoir of Leishmania braziliensis in Endemic Areas

In this study, we detected Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis infection in equids living in endemic regions of cutaneous leishmaniasis. To determine the role of these animals in the Leishmania cycle, we used two approaches: serological and molecular methods. Antibodies to the parasite were assayed using the Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Blood samples were collected and tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the positive products were sequenced. The results showed that 11.0% (25/227) of the equids were seropositive for Leishmania sp, and 16.3% (37/227) were PCR positive. Antibodies were detected in 20 horses, 3 donkeys, and 2 mules, and the parasite DNA was detected in 30 horses, 5 donkeys, and 2 mules. Sequencing the amplified DNA revealed 100% similarity with sequences for Viannia complex, corroborating the results of PCR for L. braziliensis. Our results show that equids are infected with L. braziliensis, which could be food sources for phlebotomines in the peridomiciliary environment and consequently play a role in the cutaneous leishmaniasis cycle.

Nota sobre culicídeos adultos coletados na região sul do Brasil

Sao apresentados os resultados obtidos de coletas de mosquitos, com armadilha luminosa de Shannon, as margens de uma mata modificada, e armadilhas de Falcao na mesma mata e em ecotopos extra-florestais, no Municipio de Terra Boa, Estado do Parana, Brasil, de setembro de 1988 a abril de 1990. Verificou-se a prevalencia das especies de culicideos e compararam-se os dois metodos de coletas.Sao apresentados os resultados obtidos de coletas de mosquitos, com armadilha luminosa de Shannon, as margens de uma mata modificada, e armadilhas de Falcao na mesma mata e em ecotopos extra-florestais, no Municipio de Terra Boa, Estado do Parana, Brasil, de setembro de 1988 a abril de 1990. Verificou-se a prevalencia das especies de culicideos e compararam-se os dois metodos de coletas.During the period from September 1988 to April 1990, mosquitoes were captured using Shannon light trap and Falcão light traps, in Terra Boa county, in the north of Paraná State, Brazil. The Shannon trap was installed in the outlying modified forest and Falcão traps were installed in the modified forest and domiciliary areas. The prevalence of species was verified and the methods of capture compared.

Mobilidade populacional e produção da leishmaniose tegumentar americana no Estado do Paraná, sul do Brasil

Information on the role of population mobility in maintaining American tegumentary leishmaniasis in the State of Paraná is scarce. Population mobility was evaluated as a risk factor for this endemic disease in three mesoregions of Paraná, using data built up at the State University of Maringá, covering 1987 to 2004. A total of 1,933 cases were notified, mostly among migrants (54.4%). The municipalities with the greatest numbers of cases notified were Maringá (358), Doutor Camargo (108) and Terra Boa (105). The rural cases were predominantly autochthonous (89.8%), while the urban cases were mostly among migrants (84.8%) (p < 0.0001). Among the rural autochthonous cases, there was no difference between the sexes (p = 0.127), whereas among the urban migrant cases, men predominated (p < 0.0001). The migrant cases were mostly related to mobility within and between municipalities. Population mobility seems to be an important variable in the epidemiology of this disease in the State of Paraná.