Suryo Wiyono

PENGARUH LINGKUNGAN DAN TEKNIK BUDIDAYA TERHADAP EP I DEMI PENYAKIT VASCULAR STREAK DIEBACK (VSD) PADA TANAMAN KAKAO / Agronomical Practices and Environmental Effect to The Epidemics of Vascular Streak Dieback (VSD) Disease of Cocoa

Vascular Streak Dieback (VSD) in cocoa caused by Oncobasidium theobromae. This is one of the important disease of cocoa in the world, including Indonesia. The knowledge on environmental effect and agronomical practices to the epidemics of VSD disease of cocoa, is important to control the diseases. The objectives of this research were to investigate environmental effect and agronomical practices to the epidemic VSD disease of cacao. The study was conducted on February to August 2014 in the three sub districts namely Tinondo (≥ 700 m asl), Mowewe (300-400 m asl) and Lambandia (≤ 100 m asl) East Kolaka Regency, South East Sulawesi. The study was carried out by colleting primary data included agronomical practices, the measurement of VSD disease severity in the field and soil nutrient, as well as secondary data. The results of this research showed that the environment and agronomical practices gave an effect to the epidemics VSD disease. Monoculture plantation had higher severity than mixed garden of cocoa. More condense the canopy of cocoa, more severe the VSD disease. More near the location of cacao plants to the river, more humid the enviroment and more severe the desease. Potassium deficiency in plants will cause susceptible to the disease, the high levels of Mg may limit K and Zn uptake at the soil. Recommendation for reducing VSD disease severity on cocoa plantations are cropping systems mixed with other plants, prunning, reducing the use of insecticides and herbicides, and do not plant the cocoa near to the river. Keywords: cacao, disease, epidemic, Oncobasidium theobromae

Seleksi dan Identifikasi Bakteri Antagonis sebagai Agens Pengendali Hayati Penyakit Hawar Pelepah Padi

Research was carried out in a screen house at Indonesian Center for Rice Research and in the rice field at Pati, Central Java, during the Wet Season 2009. Design of each experiment was factorial with three replications. The first factor consisted of four varieties, namely IR74, Ciherang, Hipa 4, and Muncul. The second factor consisted of three insecticides, namely imidackloprid, BPMC, and deltamethrin. Results of the screen house trial showed that varieties IR74 and Ciherang were able to reduce nymph population of brown planthopper (BPH) biotype 4 generation 1 (G1) from Pati, Central Java, by 52.9% and 19.1%, respectively. Variety IR74 reduced nymph population of BPH biotype 4 generation 2 (G2) by 39.8%. The Insecticides Effectiveness (IE) values of imidakloprid, BPMC, and deltamethrin treatments at dosages 0.5 kg/ha; 1.5 l/ha, dan 0.25 l/ha, respectively, against BPH Biotype 4 Generation 1 (G1) and Generation 2 (G2) were less than 50%. Insecticides imidacloprid, BPMC, and deltamethrin each was not effective against the BPH. On the other hand, IE of imidacloprid, BPMC, and deltamethrin at the recommended dosages to BPH biotype 1 G1 in he screenhouse were 99.8%; 50.6% and 24.7%, respectively. Results of the field trial in Pati showed that varieties IR74, Ciherang, Hipa 4, and Muncul prior to 65 days after transplanting (DAT) did not reduce the BPH populations, but at 75 DAT, varieties IR74 and Ciherang reduced the BPH populations up to 52.3% and 66.1%, respectively. Decrease in the BPH population by imidacloprid ranged from 20.1-52.4% and by BPMC from 9.2-26.4%. Yield of IR74 which resistant variety to BPH Biotype 3 was significantly higher than that of Ciherang with a yield different of 3263 kg/ha.Insufficient P is a limiting factor for rice production. Tolerant varieties to deficiency P are very important to solve the problem. The objective of the experiment was to evaluate rice genotypes to P deficiency and its interaction to Al toxicity. The experiment was conducted at the green house of ICABIOGRAD (Indonesian Center for Agricultural Biotechnology and Genetic Resources Research and Development) in WS 2006, using Yoshida solution. Molecular analysis was conducted in 2010 to observe the effectiveness of gene Pup1 segment in upland rice varieties to be compared with Kasalath tolerance variety from India. Plastic box of 10 ltr, containing solution as media was used in the experiment. The treatments were arranged in a split-split plot design with three replications. Treatments were two levels of Aluminum (0 and 45 ppm Al) as a main plot, and 4 levels application of P fertilizer (0, 0.5, 5.0, and 10 ppm P) as sub plots, and sixteen upland rice genotypes as sub-sub plots. Results showed that there were interactions between P, Al treatments and genotypes to characters which were observed. Application of P up to 10 ppm P increased plant height, number of tillers, shoot dry weight, and root dry weight significantly, but not for root length. The effects of aluminum were decreasing in plant height, shoot and root dry weight and root length significantly, but not for number of tillers. Evaluation of tiller number for P deficiency treatment showed three cultivars were tolerant to P deficiency, namely: Way Rarem, Limboto and Sentani, and five genotypes were moderately tolerant: Way Rarem, Jatiluhur, Sentani, K36-5-1-1, Limboto, dan NIL-C443. Genotypes indicated tolerant to both Al toxicity and P deficiency, were Way Rarem, Jatiluhur, Sentani, K36-5-1-1, Limboto, dan NIL-C443. There were no correlation between rice tolerance to P deficiency with rice tolerance to aluminum toxicity. Molecular analysis using Pup1 specifik primers showed fully Pup1 segment on NIL-C443, K36-5-1-1, Jatiluhur, Limboto, Silugonggo, Way Rarem and those genotypes showed tolerance or moderately a tolerant to P deficiency, except for Silugonggo.The number of improved red rice varieties (red color caryopsis) is still limited, namely Bahbutong and Aek Sibundong. Red rice is useful as functional food due to its antocyanin content which have a potential function as antioxidant. The research was aimed to study the effect of processing (milling and cooking) on the thiamin (vitamin B1), riboflavin (vitamin B2), niacin (vitamin B3), and pyridoxin (vitamin B6) content of new varieties, local red vareties and advanced lines of red rice. The materials used in the experiment were two red rice advanced lines, local red rice (Jembar Beureum and Jatiluwih), red rice improved variety Aek Sibundong, and white rice variety Ciherang. Results showed that milling and cooking processes reduce thiamin, riboflavin, niacin , and pyridoxin contents on advanced improved red lines, red improved variety, local red varieties and Ciherang white improved variety. Jembar Beureum milled and cooked rice had the highest thiamin and niacin content. Jatiluwih milled and cooked rice had the highest riboflavin and pyridoxin content. Local red rice had higher vitamin B content than improved red advanced lines, Aek Sibundong and Ciherang white rice. Local red rice varieties may be used as parent material on the breeding program to develop red rice improved varieties with higher vitamin B content.Research on the effect of packaging material for aromatic rice quality and its life storage was carried out. The aromatic rice varieties i.e Pandanwangi, Sintanur and Mentikwangi (each 750 kg) were dried in box dryer at 45oC for 12 hours. The dried paddy was milled at commercial milling to produce milled rice. The milled rice then were packed in high density polypropylene (HDPP), super bag and plastic sac. Factorial treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design, replicated thrice. The first factor was aromatic rice varieties (Sintanur, Mentikwangi and Pandanwangi) and the second factor was packaging material (superbag, high density polypropylene (HDPP) and plastic sac). Each treatment consisted of 5-7 kg of milled rice, kept in the room condition for six months. The physical, chemical characteristic, organoleptic test, and flavor composition were observed at the beginning, the middle and the end of storage. The result showed that physical quality of rice decreased parallel with the duration of storage. The whiteness, transparency and milling degree of rice kernel decreased as the period of storage increased. The infestation of insect in storage was found at 60 days after storing (at the second month) and tended to decrease parallel with insect life cycle. The used of plastic sac as packaging was invested by insect more than those of super bag and high density polypropylene. Therefore plastic sac was not recommended for packaging of aromatic rice at room condition. Organoleptic test indicated that cooked quality of aromatic rice decreased parallel with storing time. Based on colour, aroma, taste and texture, aromatic rice should be consumed within 90 days. After 90 days, the colour, aroma, taste and texture of the cooked rice was less preferred by panelis. The uses of plastic sac to pack aromatic rice produced cooked rice less preferable than those of super bag and high density polypropylene plastic.

Introduction of the Serine Green Fluorescent Protein (sGFP) Gene into Pyricularia grisea Race dc4 Isolated from Digitaria ciliaris using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated Genetic Transformation

Gene serin Green Fluorescent Protein (sGFP) has been used to monitor gene expression specific tagged proteins that has implication for fungal cell study. This research aimed to introduce sGFP gene into genome of P. grisea dc4 from D. ciliaris using A. tumefaciens. Plasmid sGFP was introduced into A. tumefaciens by triparental mating method (TPM). Genetic transformation was performed by co-cultivating spore P. grisea dc4 with A. tumefaciens LBA4404–pCAMB-sGFP. Pyricularia grisea dc4 transformant was selected by using selection medium that contains 300 µg/ml hygromycin. The integration of sGFP gene into genome was confirmed by PCR using sGFPs spesific primer pair, sGFP-Nos terminator primer pair and β-Tubulin primer pair as internal control. Expression of sGFP from P. grisea dc4 transformant were detected with blue light fluorescent microscope.

Aktivitas Kitinase dan Peroksidase dari Ekstrak Kasar Protein Asal Kalus dan Berbagai Jaringan Tanaman Trichosanthes cucumerina var. anguina

Chitinase and peroxydase are important bioactive proteins or are specific enzymes that are related to plant resistance to pathogens. The aims of the research were to analyze the chitinase and peroxidase activities of crude protein extract from calli, stem, leaves and roots of T. cucumerinavar. anguina. In the first experiment, chitinase and peroxydase activities were analyzed from in vitro calli, leaves and roots obtained from 2-month-old of field grown plants. The media for calli induction were Murashige and Skoog medium with addition of 1 µM NAA + 1 µM BA, 2 µM NAA + 2 µM BA, 3 µM NAA + 3 µM BA, or 4 µM NAA + 4 µM BA. In the second experiment, the chitinase and peroxydase activities from crude protein extract of roots, stems and leaves were analyzed. The extracts were from 3-week-old seedling (less than a month), 1-month and 2-month-old plants. The first and the second experiment results showed that crude protein extracts of plant roots from the field grown plants had the highest chitinase and peroxidase activities. Stem of field grown plants had the similar level of chitinase activities with the plant roots. Chitinase activities of in vitro calli were not significantly different from those of plant roots so that it could be used as an alternative for plant roots in studying chitinase from T. cucumerinavar. anguina. Chitinase activities in crude protein extracts of roots appeared constant whereas peroxidase tend to increase with plant age. Keywords: calli, enzyme activities, leaves, roots, stem