Terezinha Domiciano Dantas Martins

Exigências nutricionais de metionina+cistina para poedeiras semipesadas do início de produção até o pico de postura

A trial was carried out to determine the nutritional requeriments of methionine + cystine (M+C). A total of 360 laying hens was allotted to a completely randomized design with five treatments and 12 replicates of six birds. The corn-soybean meal based diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous (17.2% CP) and isoenergy (2,800 kcal ME/kg) to meet the bird requeriment in all nutrients, except for M+C, that was supplemented with DL-methionine (99%) in replacement with corn starch. The following total M+C levels were obtained: 0.61, 0.68, 0.75, 0.82, and 0.89%. All variables were evaluated from 20 to 44 weeks old. Egg weight, egg mass and egg mass:feed ratio were all affected quadratically by the M+C levels. The estimates obtained were: 0.73, 0.69, and 0.69% of total lysine and 0.66, 0.63, and 0.63% of digestible M+C, respectively. Therefore, it is recommended levels of 0.70 and 0.64% or intake of 762 and 697 mg total and digestible M+C/bird/day, respectively, for semi-heavy laying hens from the starter to peak of egg production.

Efeito do tempo de jejum pós-eclosão, valores energéticos e inclusão do ovo desidratado em dietas pré-iniciais e iniciais de pintos de corte

Two experiments were carried out to determine the nutritional value of the dried egg (DEGG), and the effect of the post-starvation hatching time (PSHT) and the inclusion of dried egg powder in the diet of broiler chicks. In experiment 1, 120 male Ross-308 broiler chicks were housed according to a completely randomized design into three treatments and five repetitions of eight birds each. Excreta collection was daily performed from 24 to 29 days of age in the morning and afternoon. In experiment 2, a sex-mixed batch of 810 Cobb-500 chicks was used. Initial weight was 33.41 ± 0.53 g, and the chicks were housed in pens measuring 1.0 × 1.5 m. A completely randomized experimental design was used with nine treatments and six repetitions of 15 birds each, according to a 3 × 3 factorial of three DEGG levels (0, 2 and 4%) and three PSHT (28, 40 and 52 hours), corresponding to: 0, 12 and 24 hours of starvation after housing, respectively. DEGG showed 51.54% of CP and 4,278 kcal AMEn/kg. From 1 to 7 days of age, the birds submitted to starvation for 40 and 52 hours showed lower live weight, weight gain and feed intake when compared to birds fed sooner (at 28 hours PSHT). The poorest performance was shown by birds fasted for 52 hours (24 hours of starvation after being housed). DEGG levels of 4% in the pre-initial diet improved the live weight in the second and third days of age. In conclusion, DEGG might be used from 1 to 21 days of age in broiler diets without impairing the bird performance.

Redução dos níveis protéicos e suplementação com metionina e lisina em rações para poedeiras leves

The effect of decreasing dietary CP and supplementation of lysine and methionine+cystine on the performance of 270 laying hens Lohmann LSL strain was evaluated in this trial. The birds averaging 26 weeks of age were allotted to a stocking rate of 562 cm2/bird as a completely randomized design with five replicate of six birds. The treatments were as follows: T1 = control diet (CD) with 16.5% CP, 0.80% of lysine (L) and 0.70% of methionine+cystine (MC); T2 = 15.25% CP, 0.73% of L and 0.64% of MC; T3 = 14%CP, 0.66% of L and 0.58% of MC; T4 = 15,25% CP with 0.80% of L and 0.64% of MC; T5 = 14% CP with 0.80% of L and 0.58% of MC; T6 = 15,25% CP with 0.73% of L and 0.70% of MC; T7 = 14% CP with 0.66% of L and 0.70 of MC; T8 = 15,25% CP with 0.80% of L and 0.70% of MC and, T9 = 14% CP with 0.80% of L and 0.70% of MC. The diets contained 2,800 kcal of ME. Diets were suppplemented with amino acids at 15.25 and 14.0% of crude protein to show levels of Lys, MC or L+MC similar to control. The birds were fed 110 g of diet/day and water ad libitum and were submitted at a program of light of 17 hours. The variables were evaluated during four periods of 28 days. The decreasing dietary CP from 16.5 to 14% did not affect bird performance, whereas the lysine supplementation of lower protein diet decreased egg production and egg mass and feed:egg mass ratio and feed:egg dozen ratio in relation to control.

Relação cálcio:fósforo disponível e níveis de fitase para poedeiras semipesadas no primeiro e segundo ciclos de postura

Two experiments were carried out to investigate the calcium (Ca):available phosphorus (aP) ratio and the level of phytase in the first and second posture cycle. In the first posture cycle, 128 birds were distributed to a 3 × 2 + 1 factorial arrangement, composed of three Ca:aP ratio [14:1 (4.2% Ca and 0.30% aP), 12:1 (3.5% Ca and 0.30% aP), and 9:1 (3.5% Ca and 0.38% aP)], two levels of phytase (0 and 600 Phytase Units - PU) and a Ca:aP control [11:1 (4.2% Ca and 0.38% aP)]. In the second posture cycle, 240 birds were distributed to a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, composed of two Ca (3.5 and 4.2%), two aP (0.30 and 0.38%) levels and two phytase levels (0 and 600 PU). In the first posture cycle, among birds fed diets without phytase, the greater eggs weight was obtained with 9:1 Ca:aP ratio and the smaller, with 12:1 Ca:aP ratio. The best eggs mass and feed conversion by eggs mass (FCEM) were observed in birds fed a diet with 14:1 Ca:Pd ratio and worse, with the ration with 12:1 Ca:aP ratio. In birds fed diet with phytase, the best FCEM was obtained with 12:1 Ca:aP ratio and worse, with 9:1 Ca:aP ratio. In the second posture cycle, the diet consumption decreased with increasing levels of calcium (3.5 to 4.2%), available phosphorus (0.30 to 0.38%) and phytase (0 to 600 PU). Feed conversion by eggs mass or per dozen eggs improved, respectively, with increasing levels of available phosphorus and phytase, while specific gravity improved with the increase of dietary calcium level. For laying hens in the first posture cycle, it is recommended 14:1 (4.2% Ca:0.30% Pd) ratio without phytase and 12:1 (3.5% Ca:0.30% Pd) ratio with 600 PU and, for birds in the second posture cycle, it is recommended 14:1 (4.2% Ca and 0.38% Pd) ratio. The supplementation of diets deficient in available phosphorus with 600 PU improves egg weight in the second posture cycle.

Respostas termorreguladoras de matrizes suínas híbridas em lactação, mantidas em ambiente quente

Objetivou-se avaliar a adaptabilidade fisiologica de 73 matrizes suinas hibridas em lactacao ao ambiente quente. As femeas foram distribuidas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, num esquema fatorial de 5 x 4 x 4, sendo, cinco ordens de parto - OP (1a, 2a, 3a, 4a e 5a), quatro momentos em relacao ao parto (quatro dias antes e 3, 10 e 17o dia depois) e quatro horas do dia (8, 12, 16 e 20 h). A temperatura retal (TR) oscilou com a hora do dia, a OP, e o momento de avaliacao, sendo maior as 16 h, em primiparas e na fase inicial da lactacao. A frequencia respiratoria permaneceu elevada, principalmente entre as 12 e 16 h do dia em femeas jovens. Conclui-se que o calor intenso entre 12 e 16 h conduz aos animais ao desconforto termico, sendo as primiparas a categoria de menor adaptabilidade.

Exigência de sódio para poedeiras no final do primeiro ciclo e durante o segundo ciclo de postura

Two experiments were carried out to estimate sodium requirements for brown-eggs laying hens in the late first and during second egg-production cycle. A completely randomized design was used, with seven sodium levels (0.08, 0.13, 0.18, 0.23, 0.28, 0.33 and 0.38%), six replications of six birds in the late first egg-production cycle and five replications of six birds in the second egg-production cycle. In the late first egg-production cycle, sodium levels (SL) had no effect on feed intake (FI), egg weight (EW), egg dozen feed conversion (EDC) and egg-shell specific gravity (SG). The SL showed quadratic effect on egg production (EP), egg mass (EM) and egg mass feed conversion (EMC), that resulting in sodium requirements (SR) of 0.21, 0.22 and 0.21%, respectively. In the second egg-production cycle, SL had no effect on EW and SG. However, EP, EM, EMC and EDC improved when the levels of sodium were 0.20, 0.19, 0.18 and 0.19%, respectively. Considering the estimates of sodium requirements to egg production and egg mass feed conversion, could be suggests 0.22% e 0.20% as maximum sodium levels, respectively, to late first and second egg-production cycle.

Inclusão de óleos essenciais como elementos fitoterapicos na dieta de suínos

The objective was to evaluate the performance of starter pigs and growth fed with different types of essential oils from plants adapted to semiarid Northeast. A total of 40 pigs from commercial line Agroceres ®, (20 castrated males and 20 females) with average weight of 13.5 ± 3kg, distributed in a randomized block design with five treatments and four replicates, the treatments in the control diet and four diets containing diets 0.01% essential oils of fennel, quince, lemon grass and basil. The variables were: performance, incidence of diarrhea and microbiological perfil. No effect of addition of essential oils for the variables feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion and bacteria count for the animals in the initial stage, showing the influence of the addition of oil for feed intake, feed conversion during the growth phase I and phase feed intake in total. The essential oils of quince, lemon grass and basil had a positive effect on control of diarrhea. It was concluded that the essential oils of quince, lemon grass and basil, can be used as an antimicrobial agent to combat diarrhea of piglets without causing performance losses.

Substituição parcial do milho por sorgo granífero na alimentação de suínos nas fases de creche, crescimento e terminação

The study evaluated the effect of partial substitution of corn by sorghum in diet of castrated pigs and the effects on performance, carcass traits and economic feasibility. It were used 27 crossbred barrows from commercial line with 19.66 ± 2,92kg of initial live weight, divided in three groups with increasing rates of sorghum - 0%, 25% and 50% - replacing corn, distributed in a completely randomized design. The trial evaluated: daily weight gain, daily feed intake and feed:gain ratio, backfat thickness and blood biochemical parameters - urea, total proteins, creatinine, glucose, triglycerides and cholesterol. For carcass traits it was evaluated: hot and cold carcass weight, hot and cold carcass yield, pH and temperature in hot and cold carcasses and industrial weight cuts. For economy feasibility was calculated the cost of feed consumed, cost of pig kg, average cost index and economy efficiency rate. It was used regression analysis to evaluate the productive variables. No effects were found for performance data and carcass traits. For the biochemical variables, the effects were linear for urea and total protein, with animals in control group (0% of sorghum) showing higher rates. The bioeconomical performance showed that 50% sorghum had the lowest cost and the highest rate of economic efficiency. Thus, it was concluded that substitution of corn by sorghum at levels up to 50% of the diet represents an alternative to sustainability of regional swine production.

Physicochemical and microbiological parameters of dried salted pork meat with different sodium chloride levels

The objective of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical and microbiological parameters of pork meat submitted to dry salting. Sodium chloride (NaCl) was added at levels of 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% or 10% by the meat weight. Dry salting technique was used, which consists of rubbing the sodium chloride manually, followed by a rest period. The data were submitted to analysis of variance using a completely randomized experimental design. The means were compared by Duncan test at 5%. The salting process reduced (P < 0.05) humidity and water activity, and it increased (P < 0.05) ash, chloride, palmitic acid, and water holding capacity levels compared to those of the control. Luminosity (L*) was lower (P < 0.05) in the control, and a* color was more intense in samples with 2.5% NaCl. Cooking loss was lower (P < 0.05) in the samples salted with 5% and 10% NaCl, and similarity was observed between the levels 0 and 7.5% salt. The treatments with levels 0% and 2.5% NaCl had higher mesophilic counts. The other microbiological parameters were within limits established by law. Therefore, salting with 5% NaCl can be used in pork meat in order to maintain the physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of the final product.

Substituição parcial do milho por sorgo granífero na alimentação de matrizes suínas primíparas durante a lactação

The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of partial substitution of corn with sorghum on the diets of hybrid female pigs during lactation and post-weaning. Twenty-five females were distributed in three treatments with increasing levels of grain sorghum - 0%, 25% and 50% - as partial substitute of the corn. The females were evaluated during the lactation and post-weaning phases, measuring live weight (LW) and age at puberty and LW and backfat thickness (BT). The females were weighed on the 8th, 16th and 25th days of lactation (weaning), simultaneously with the measurement of BT and milk samples for biochemical analysis. Also, the litters were weighed at the same interval. The estrus detection after weaning was determined by the range-topping estrus (days), LW and BT. As for females, there was no effect on LW and BT. As to the piglets number and weight, the females in the control group had a high number of piglets born alive. The daily gain of piglets was higher in litters with treatment with 50% sorghum. There was no difference in the milk analysis. In the post-weaning there were no effects. Thus, it was concluded that grain sorghum can replace corn by 50% on the diet of female pigs during lactation without compromising the productivity and reproductive parameters.